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Show I I 138 SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS : CHAP. v. cover their teeth when enraged, whilst others conceal them by the protrusion of their lips ; and some kinds draw back their ears. The Oynopithecus niger, lately referred to, acts in this manner, at the same time depressing the crest of hair on its forehead, and showing its teeth; so that the movements of the features from anger are nearly the same as those from pleasure; and the two expressions can be distinguished only by those familiar with the animal. Baboons often show their passion and threaten their enemies in a very odd manner, namely, by opening their mouths widely as in the act of yawning. Mr. Bartlett has often seen two baboons, when first placed in the same cmnpartment, sitting opposite to each other and thus alternately opening their mouths; and this action seems frequently to end in a real yawn. Mr. Bartlett believes that both animals wish to show to each other that they are provided with a formidable set of teeth, as is undoubtedly the case. As I could hardly credit the reality of this yawning gesture, Mr. Bartlett insulted an old baboon and put him into a violent passion ; and he almost immediately thus acted. Some species ·of Macacus and of Cercopithecus 14 behave in the same manner. Baboons likewise show their anger, as was observed by Brehm with those which he kept alive in Abyssinia, in another manner, namely, by striking the ground with one hand, "like an angry man striking the table with " his fist." I have seen this movement with the baboons in the Zoological Gardens ; but sometimes the action seems rather to represent the searching for a stone or other object in their beds of straw. u Brehm, 'Thierleben,' l3. i. s, 84. Op. baboo~s stl'iking the ground, s, 6l. CHAP. v. MONKEYS. 139 Mr. Sutton has often observed the face of the Macacus rhesus, when much enraged, g~·owing red. As he was mentioning this to me, another monkey attacked a rhesus, and I saw its face redden as plainly as that of a man in a violent passion. In the course of a few minutes, after the battle, the face of this monkey recovered its natural tint. At the same time that the face reddened, the naked posterior part of the body, which is always red, seemed to grow still redder; but I cannot positively assert that this was the case. When the Mandrill is in any way excited, the brilliantly coloured, naked parts of the skin are said to become still more vividly coloured. vVith several species of baboons the ridge of the forehead projects much over the eyes, and is studded with a few long hairs, representing our eyebrows. These animals are always looking about them, and in order to look upwards they raise their eyebrows. They have thus, as it would appear, acquired the habit of frequently moving their eyebrows. However this may be, many kinds of monkeys, especially the baboons, when angered or in any way excited, rapidly and incessantly move their eyebrows up and down, as well as the hairy skin of their foreheads.15 As we associate in the case of man the raising and lowering of the eyebrows with definite states of the mind, the almost incessant movement of the eyebrows by monkeys gives them a senseless expression. I once observed a man who had a trick of continually raising his eyebrows without any corresponding emotion, and this gave to him a foolish appearance; so it is with some persons who keep tho corners of their mouths a little drawn backwards and 15 Brehm 1·emarks (' Thiel'leben,' s. 68) that the eyebrows of tho Inuus ecaudatus are frequently moved up and down when the an'inltll is an~e1·cu, |