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Show 148 EXPRESSION OF SUFFERING : CHAP. VI. hunger, or tliscomfort, utter violent and prolonged screams. Whilst thus screaming their eyes are firmly closed so that the skin round them is wrinkled, and the fo' rehead contracted into a frown. The 1nouth is widely opened with the lips retracted in a peculiar manner, which causes it to assume a 1:5quariah forn1; the gums or teeth being more or less exposed. 'fhe breath is inhaled almost spasmodically. It is easy to observe infants whilst screaming; but I have found photographs made by the instantaneous process the best means for observation, as allowing more deliberation. I have collected twelve, most of them made purposely for me; and they all exhibit the same general characteristics. I have, therefore, had six of them 1 (Plate I.) reproduced by the heliotype process. 'fbe firm closing of the eyelids and consequent compression of the eyeball,-and this is a most important element in various expressions,-serves to protect the eyes frmn becoming too much gorged with blood, as will presently be explained in detail. 'Vith respect to ' the order in which the several muscles contract in tinnly compressing the eyes, I am indebted to Dr. Langstaff, of Southampton, for some observations, whieh I have since repeated. The best plan for observing the order is to make a person first raise his eyebrows, and this produces transverse wrinkles across the forehead; and then very gradually to contract all the muscles round the eyes with as much force as possible. 'The reader who is unacquainted with the anatomy of the face, ought to refer to p. 24, and look at the woodcuts 1 to 3. The corrugators of the brow ! T~e best photographs in my collection are by Mr. Rejla.nder, of Vwtona Street, London, and by Herr Kindm·mann of Hamburg. Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 6 are by the former; and figs. 2 and 1 5, by the latter gentleman. Fig. 6 is given to show moderate c1·ying in au older chilcl. I |