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Show 132 SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS : CHAP. v. on his neck ; the head being held rather obliquely. :Fron1 tho expression of his eye I felt sure that he was savaae · he approached slowly, and as soon as he can1e clo~e to the iron bars, he did not lower his head to butt at me, but suddenly bent it inwards, and struck his horns with great force against the rai!ings. 1\{r. Bartlett informs me that son1e other species of deer place themselves in the same attitude when enraged. Monkeys.-The various species and genera of Inonkej~S express their feelinO'S in many different ways; and this fact is interesting, bas in so1ne degree bearing on the question, whether the so-called race~ o~ man should be ranked as distinct species or varieties; for, as we shall see in the following chapters, the diffe~·ent ra?es of man express their emotions and sensations with. remarkable uniformity throughout the world. S~1ne ?f the expressive actions of monkeys are interesting In another way, namely from being closely analog~us to. thoRe of man. As I have had no opportunity of observing any one species of the group un~er all circumstances, my miscellaneous remarks will be best arranged nuder different states of the mind. . . · Pleas~we, foy, affection.-It is not possible to d~stlno ·uish in monkeys, at least without n1ore expenence ~han I have had, the expression of pleasure or joy. frorn. that of affection. Young chin1panzees make a lnncl of barking noise, when pleased by the retul'n of any ~ne to whom they are attached. vVhen this noise, which the keepers call a lauO'h, is uttered, the lips are pro-b • truded; but so they are under various other emotions. Nevertheless I could perceive that when they were pleased the form of the lips differed a little from t?at assumed when they were angered. If a young clumpanzee be tickled-and the armpits are particularly CHAP. V. MONKEYS. 133 sensitive to tickling, as in the cas~ of our children,-a more decided chucldin()' or lauO'hino- sound is uttered · 0 0 :::, ' though the laughter is sometimes noiseless. The corners of the mouth are then drawn backwards · and thi~ sometin1es causes the lower eyelids to be slightly wr1nklecl. But this wrinkling, which is so characteristic of our own laughter, is 1nore plainly seen in some ot]:er 1nonkeys. The teeth in the upper jaw in the chimpanzee are not exposed when they utter theie !aughing noise, in which respect they differ from u~. l3ut their eyes sparkle and grow hrighter, as Mr. W. L. ~Iartin, 10 who has particularly attended to their expression, states. Young Orangs, when tickled, likewise grin and make a chuckling sound; and Mr. Martin says that their eyes grow brighter. As soon as their laughter ceases, an ex~ression may be detected passing over their faces, wh1eh, as Mr. vVallace remarked to me, may be callocl a s1nile. I have also noticed something of the same kind with the chimpanzee. Dr. Duchenne-and I cannot quote a better authority-informs me that he kept a very tame monkey in his house for a year; and when he gave it during meal-times some choice delicacy, he o~served that the corners of its mouth were slightly raised; thus an express~on of satisfaction, partaking of the nature of an incipient s n1ile, and resemLling that often seen on the face of rr1an, could be plainly perceived in this animal. The Oebus azarte,u when rejoiced at again seeing a beloved person, utters a peculiar tittering (kichernden) ~wnnd. It also expresses agreeable sensations, by 10 'Natural History of Mammalia,' 1841, vol. i. pp. 383, 410. 11 Rengger (' Saugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 46) kept these monkeys in confinement for sevon ycard ill their nfl,.tiye country of Paraguay. |