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Show 114 1\IEANS OF E./PRESSION <JHAl'. 1 \'. like 1nanner fight with their tusks, do not retract their ears, but, on the contrary, erect them when rushing at each other or at an enemy. The rhinoceroses in the Zoological Gardens fight with their nasal horns, and have never been seen to attempt biting each other except in play; and the keepers are convinced that they do not draw back their ears, like horses and dogs, when feeling savage. The following statement, therefore, by Sir S. Baker 34 is inexplicable, na1nely, that a rhinoceros, which he shot in North Africa, "had no ears; they had been bitten off " close to the head by anothe1~ of the same species " while fighting; and this mutilation is by no means "unco1nmon." Lastly, with respect to n1onkeys. Some kinds, which have moveable ears, and which fight with their teethfor instance the Cercopithecus ruber-dra w back their ears when irritated just like dogs; and they then have a very spiteful appearance. Other kinds, as the lnl"~us ecat~datus, apparently do not thus act. Again, other kinds-and this is a great anomaly in comparison with 1nost other animals-retract their ears, show their teeth, and jabber, when they are pleased by being caressed. I observed this in two or three species of Macacus, and in the Oynopithecus niger. This expression, owing to our familiarity with dogs, would never be recognised as one of joy or pleasure by those unacquainted with monkeys. Erection of the Eat·s.-rrhis movement requires hardly any notice. All animals which have the power of freely moving their ears, when they are startled, or when they closely observe any object, direct their ears to 34 ''rho Nile Tributul'i s of Abyssinia,' 1867, p. 443. L'llAl'.l\'. lN A 11\IAL~. 115 the poiut toward.· whi ·h th y ar · looking, iu rder to hear any sound ii·om thi · quart r. At th sam time they generally rai · \ their head , as all their rgans of sens are thoro situat d, and orne of the small r animals rise on their hind l gs. Even those kinds whi h squat on tho ground or instantly floc away to avoid danger, generally act momentarily in this manner, in order to ascertain the source and nature of the danger. The head being raised, with erected ears and eyes directed forwards, gi vcs an unmistakable expression of close attention to any animal. ! 2 |