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Show 308 AVf:S. 1 ery young is divested of feathers, which is ter, except w len v ' . . . . 1 · · ned by its habit of thrustmg 1t mto the ground probab y occas10 in search of food. . These two spec1'e s 11've in large flocks, num. bers of .t hem bUlld- m. g toget h er. Tl1 e y feed as much on . g.r am. as on m. sects, and f d h h Ut all Europe· remammg m the wmter, how-are oun t roug o ' ever, only in the warmer districts. T 0 . corn~·x , L · ., Oorneille mantelee; Enl. 76; N. aum. 54. · (T1h e C ) C. et·eous· head wings, and ta1l, black. It 1s ess Royston row. m ' ' f rugt· vorous, frequents the sea-shore, and fee. ds upon shell-,f ish, &c. Nauman assures us that it often couples with the Black Crow. 0 . mone du la , L . ,. Le Ohoucas ' &c.; Enl. 525; .N aum. 56, 1. (The Jackdaw.) A fourth smaller than the prece~lmg ones; about the size of a Pigeon; of a less intense black,, wh1ch around ~he neck and under the belly, even verges on cmereous; .some.tlmes all black. It builds in steeples, old towers, &c., hv~s m flocks, feeds on the same substances as the Crows, and 1s fre~u~ntly found with them. Birds of prey have no enemy more vtgtlant than the Jackdaw.(!) PxcA, Cuv. The Pies are less than the Cornix; the upper mandible is also more arcuated than the other, and the tail long and cuneiform •. Corvus pica, L.; Enl. 488; Naum. 56, 2. (The ~agpte of · Europe.) A beautiful bird, of a silky black colour, w1t~ purple, blue and gold reflections; the belly is white, and there ts a large spot' of the same colour on the wing. Its eternal chattering has rendered it notorious. It prefers living in inhabited places, k. the where it feeds on all sorts of matters, sometimes attac mg smaller birds of the poultry-yards.(2) (1) The Jackdaw terminates the tribes of the true Crows, because its upper mandible is hardly more arcuated than the lower one. Add to this tribe the 001" wsjamaicensis, or Corneille a duvet blanc,·-Le C. dauricus, Enl. 327; the .o. acap· ulatus, Daud. Vaill. 53, which M. Temm. thinks differs from the precedmg; the albicollis, Lath. or Corbivau, which, from its high, .compressed, tren: backed beak, might constitute a separate subgenus, Vmll. 50;-the ~· SJI arch of India, Vieill. Col. 425, remarkable for the instinct which prompts Jt to. se. for lice among the feathers of the Vulture, (the Chagoun ) ~vho WI'1 1'm g 1Y P ermJt·s-fJut·e- The C. columbianus, Wils. III, xx, fig. 2;-the C. nastcus, Tern. Col. 413, C. ossifragus, Wils. V, xxxviii, f. 2, if it really differ ft·om the cornix. C . z· 1 v 'II A£1· sa·- · (2} Add the Corvus senegalensts, Enl. 538;-C. ventra ts, S 1.; , a1 · ·" 8 :_0. erythrorhynclws, Enl. 622, and better Vai11. Afr. 57;-C. cayanus, En!.,)! 'Afi pffll~Vianus, Enl. 625;-C. cyaneus, Pall. Vaill. Afr. 58, 2;-C. rufus, ~a~!1· G~: 59 ;-the .!lcalte, Azz. (Corvus pileatus, Illig. ) Col. 58, or Pica chrysops, VIeJ ~6s·- 101;-the G. gubernatrix, Tern. Col 436;-the Corv. azureus, T. Col. ' the Piegeng. (C. cyanopogon, P. Max.) Col. 169. PASSERINlE. 309 GAnnuLus, Cuv. The two mandibles of the Jays are but little elongated, terminating in a sudden, and nearly equal curve; when the tail is cuneiform, it is not very long, and the loose and slender feathers of the forehead stand more or less erect when the bird is angry. Corvus glandarius, L.; Enl. 481; Naum. 58, 1. (The Jay of Eu~ope.) Is a fine bird of a vinous grey, with mustachios, and the quills of the tail, black; particularly remarkable for a large spot of dazzling blue, striped with a deep shade of the same colour, which marks a part of the wing coverts. It feeds chiefly on the acorn, and of all birds shows the greatest penchant for imitating all kinds of sounds. It builds in the woods of Europe, and lives in pairs or in small flocks.( I) See .IJ.pp. XXIII of .11m. Ed. CARYOOATAOTEs, Cuv.(2) The Nutcrackers have the two mandibles straight, equally pointed·, and without any curve. There is only one species known. Corvus caryocatactes, L.; Enl. 50; Naum. 58, 2; Vieill. Gal. 105. (The Common Nutcracker.) Brown; the whole body spotted with white. It builds in the hollows of trees, in dense mountain forests, climbs trees and perforates their bark like the Woodpeckers, feeds on all kinds of fruit, insects, and small birds. Flocks of them sometimes descend into the plains, but at very irregular intervals. It is celebrated for its confidence.( 3) (l)'AddCorvuscristatus, En]. 529, Vieill. Gal. 102;-Corv. Stelleri, Vaill. Ois. de P~: &c. I, 44;-Corv. sibiricus, Enl. 608;-C. canadensis, Enl. 530, and a variety, VJelll. 48;-C. cristatellus, or C. cyanoleucos, p, Max.; Col. 193;-G. ultramarinm, T. Col. 439;-C. torquatus, T. Col. 44;-C.fioridanus, Ch. Bonap. I, xiii, 1. (2) Vieill. has ch:1nged this name into Nucifraga. (3) N.B. The Corvus hottentottus, ,·226, appears to us to be allied to the Tyrants·- C~,h alI' CIUa•z us, 603, · . ' lS a Drongo;-0. calvus, Enl. 521, a Gymnoceplwlus,·-C. Novm . tneaJ, En!. 629 and C. papuensis, Enl. 630 belong to Graucalus, Cuv. ;-C. spectoau, of Sh. is the Roilier de la Chine, Enl. 620, and belongs to the Denti1·ostrea. ~emm .. makes. a Pyroll of it, Col. En!. 401 ;-C. fiaviventris, Enl. 249, is a Tyrant;- ·mextcanus JS probably a Cassicus or a Weaver, and C. argiropldalmus, Brown, Ill., .10' is certainly one;-C. rujipennis, Enl. 199, is a Thrush, the same as Turdus ~··- 0. cyanurus, Enl. 355, C. brachyurus, En]. 257 and 258, and C. grallarius, 0 Shaw, En!. 702 are Ant-catchers;-C. carunculatus, Daud., a Philedon. :ve have approximated C. pyrrhocorax, En!. 531, to the Thrushes and G. gra~ t' En!. 255 to Upupa. We are of opinion that C. eremita does not exist. b e 0· carib~ua, Aldrov. 788, is a Bee-eater, the account of which has been stolen YDutertre to describe an object of which he had no recollection: finally, G. ~rnnocephalua, Tern. Col. 327, appears to us to belong to the family of the Dentrostres. |