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Show -81- The general rule of the World War adjustments has been an extension of freedom of navigation to riparian and non-riparian nations upon navigable waters everywhere except in the 0reient «^°9 Following the specific internationalization of many waterways by the Treaty of Versailles, the representatives of forty-two nations having sovereign- ty over nearly all the world with the exception of Russia, China and United States, met at Barcelona and there formulated and signed the "Convention and Statute on the Regime of Navigable Waterways of International Concern" dated April 20, 1921, with a Protoool of the same date, both of which became ef- fective by ratifications deposited with the Secretary-General of the League of Nations about the end of the year 1923. This Statute establishes among the contracting Powers, in general, the greatest practical freedom of navigation in time of peace on all navigable waterways under their control-affording access to and from the sea, upon equal terms to riparian or non-riparian nations, and without tolls, burdens or impediments^ except such as are absolutely ne- cessary for improvement, operation and policing of these waterways by the riparian nations. It even provides that to take testimony and report findings. New Jersey v. City of New York, leave to file bill of complaint granted, 279 U.S. 823, 49 Sup. Ct. 478, 73 L. Ed. 977 and 1016 (May 20, 1929), time in which to file answer extended two weeks, 4. U.S. Daily, 809:6 (June 3, 1929), leave to file reply granted, 4 U*S. Daily, 1886«3 (Oct. 7, 1929), special master appointed, 50 Sup. Ct. 15, 74 L. Ed. (Adv« Ops.) 21 (Oct. I4, 1929). ^"^ The authorities are collected in Appendix A, pp» 185-214, of the De- fendants1 Brief on the Law, in Wisconsin v. Illinois (The Chicago Sanitary District Diversion Case), 278 U.S. 367, 49 Sup. Ct. 163, 73 L. Ed. 1|26 (1929)* from which the following is taken* "A. INLAND SEAS AND LAKES. . . III. Tlie position in the law of various important seas and lakesj L. The Caspian Sea . . . This situation lasted until after the World War of 1914-1918 when, by the treaty of Moscow of Feb. 26, 1921 (League of Nations Treaty Series, Vol • EC, p. U07) between Persia and Russia all treaties previously concluded by the Russian Imperial Government with Persia were repudiated and it was declared in article 11 that both States should thereafter enjoy an equal right of free navigation on the Caspian Sea, under their own flags; but this right was not extended to non-riparians. . • 2. The Black Sea . . * Finally the treaty of Lausanne, July 2I4., 1923* established a complete freedom for ships of commerce of all nations and a restricted freedom for ships of war* of the latter only so many can enter at one time as do not exceed in number those of the riparian State which has the largest fleet. 3« The Baltic Sea • . • The treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, art. 195 establishes a complete freedom of the Baltic Sea to all nations. . . B. RIVERSi 17. The treatment of rivers frcm the point of view of actual practice: 1. Navigation-In Roman law rivers were considered rei publicae jure gentium, that is to say that their usage was oommon to all and all had the freedom of navigation (Instit, lib. II, tit. 2, $4.). However, this notion disappeared entirely in the Middle Ages and was re- placed by the system of seignoriftl tribute, which was in turn displaced by the substitution of the king for the local lord, who continued to re strict"" navi- gation. . . At the conference of Barcelona, 1921, in which 1^2 States par- ticipated, certain general rules were laid down. It was asserted that the |