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Show -12- to control treaties or compacts between the States. The Congress also has plenary sovereign power over all the territorial possessions of the Union. The equality of the States as sovereignties in the Senate is guaranteed by the only irrepealable provision in the whole constitution] and all amendments must be made by vote of the States as units regardless of the number of their in- habitants * The House of Representatives alone is chosen on the basis of population of the United States as a whole; but it can accomplish nothing with- out the concurrence of the Senate and the approval of the President. The lower house of Congress, apportioned by population, but otherwise chosen as the States may direct, is endowed with less power than the House of Commons in the Parliament of England; the upper house, directly representing the equal sovereign States, has more power than the House of Lords except as to judicial functions which are vested in a Supreme Court having no prototype in history. The executive powers which the States deemed necessary for the federal sovere- ignty to possess are vested in the President; and are somewhat similar to the executive powers of hereditary rulers' in the limited monarchies of Europe, And so it is that sovereign rights in and over the thirteen original States of the -American Union and their territorial possessions, including all the waters of such domain, are distributed among three depositories? the federal sovereignty called the United States; the governments of the States as separate sovereignties; and the people of the States in their collective capacity as separate political communities. The federal sovereignty is derived wholly from the grant of the States as set forth in the federal constitution; the sovereignty of each State government is inherent and unlimited except as diminished by its grant of federal power and the restraints of its .own State constitution; and the sovereignty of the people is that residuum not included in the federal grant nor permitted to be exercised by the State government. The grant of-sovereign power by each State to the federal government is pre- cisely equal and incapable of variation;^? and consequently the measure of federal sovereign power over the waters of each State is steadfast, uniform and identical, although it may be exerted in varying degree from time to time 7Coyle v. Smith, 221 U. S. 559, 31 Sup. Ct. 688, 55 L. Ed. 853 (1911); United States v. Sanoval, 231 U. S. 28, 3I4. Sup. Ct. 1, 58 L. Ed. 10',' (1913). In Cincinnati v. Louisville & N. R. R., 223 U. S. 390, 32 Sup. Ct. 267, 5o L. Ed. J48I (1912), a paragraph of the syllabus reads; "On its admission, whatever the conditions may have been prior thereto, whether from the con- diti^s of the Northwest Ordinance or other territorial government, a State at cnce becomes entitled to and possessed of all the rights of dominion and sovereignty which Belonged to the original States, and all limitations on sovereignty in the act of admission not subsequently adopted by the State itself are inoperative. Coyle v. Oklahoma, 221 U. S. 559, (31 Sup. Ct, 688, 55 If Ed. 853 (1911))." (Italics added.) This political equality does not remove the practical inequality of control and use of waters and water-ways resulting .from the proprietorial ownership of the public lands held intrust by the United States for the general benefit of all the States and their in- habitants, and for that reason beyond the jurisdiction of the States wherein they lie except as permitted by Congress. In United States v. Rio Grande Dam & Irr. Co., 174 U. S. 69O, 703*, 19 Sup. Ct.' 770, 775, Ltf L. Ed. 1136, llij.1 (1899), the Court declared that, in the absence of congressional consent, ". • .a state cannot by its legislation destroy the right of the United States |