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Show we were divided into independent States, united for some purposes, but in most re* s.peots. sovereign;" (Chief Justice Marshall in Sturges v. Crowninshield,, 4 Wheat., 122, 192.) "Reference has been made to the political .-situation of these States, anterior to its (Constitution) formation. It has been said that they were sovereign, were completely independent. and were connected with each other only by a league* This is true," (Chief Justice Marshall in Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 -"Wheat.-,''1, 187). "The United States are sovereign as to all the powers of Government actually surrendered* Each State in the Union is sovereign as to all the powers reserved. It must necessarily be so, because the United States have no claim to any author- ity but such as the States have surrendered to them. Of course, the part not surrerdered must remain as it did before," (Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall*, h!9> l?In America the powers of sovereignty are divided between the Government of the Union and those of the States. They are each sovereign v/ith respect... to the objects committed to it, and neither sovereign with respect to the objects com- mitted to the other. (Chief Justice Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland, 4, Wheat,, 316, 1^) "Under the Articles of Confederation each State retained its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right not expressly delegated to the United States. Under the Constitution, though the powers of the States were much restricted, still all powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people, And we have already had occasion to remark, at this term, that 'the people of each State compose a State, having its own government and endowed with all the functions essential to separate and independent existence,* and that fwithout the States in union there could be no such political body as the United States«T Not only therefore can there be no loss of separate arid inde- pendent autonomy to the States through their Union under the Constitution, but it may be not unreasonably said that the preservation of the States and the main- tenance of their governments are as much within the design and care of the Con- stitution as the preservation of the Union and the maintenance of the National Government. The Constitution, in all its provisions, looks to an indestructible Union, composed of indestructible States.' (Chief Justice Chase in Texas v. Yfhite, 7 Wallace, 700, 725, decided in 1868.) "The General Government, and the States, although both exist within the same territorial limits, are separate and distinct sovereignties, acting separately and independently of each other, within their respective spheres. The former in its appropriate sphere is supreme; but the States within the limits of their powers not granted, or, in the language of the tenth amendment, "reserved," are as independent of the General Government as that Government within its sphere is independent of the States." (Mr. Justice Kelson in Collector v» Day, 11 Wallace, 113, 12J+, decided in I87O.) "!rie hax^e in this Republic a dual system of government, national and state, each operating within the same territory and upon the same persons; and yet work- ing without collision, because their functions are different. There are certain matters over which the National Government has absolute control and no aotion.-af" ~ the State can interfere therewith, and there are others in which the-Staj^e^is._^- ^ . ..-8- ¦ . |