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Show ner, & Will, 1996; Lu-Yao, 1999; Madalinska et al., 2001; Prowse, Lancaster, & Trachtenberg, 1999). As we await a verdict from randomized studies on the efficacy of radical prostatectomy, population-based descriptive studies have attempted to provide some early clues, with one study suggesting that aggressive therapy may be responsible, at least in part, for decreasing prostate cancer mortality rates in the U.S. observed since the early 1990s (Etzioni et al., 1999). On the other hand, despite large differences in radical prostatectomy by region, mortality rates are similar across the SEER regions (Brawley, 1997). References 1. Bostwick. D. G. (1997). Staging prostate cancer-1997: Current methods and limitations. European Urology, 32: 2-14. 2. Brawley, O. W. (1997). Prostate carcinoma incidence and patient mortality: the effect of screening and early detection. Cancer, 80: 1857-1863. 3. Catalona, W. J. & Bigg, S. W. (1990). Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy evaluation of results after 250 patients. Journal of Urology, 143: 538-544. 4. Davidson, P. J.. van den Ouden, D., & Schroeder, F. H. (1996). Radical prostatectomy: prospective assessment of mortality and morbidity. European Urology, 29: 168-173. 5. Ennis. R. D., Flynn, S. D., Fischer. D. B., & Peschel, R. E. (1994). Preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen and Gleason grade as predictors of pathologic stage in clinically organ confined prostate cancer: Implications for the choice of primary treatment. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 30: 317-322. 6. Etzioni, R., Legler, J. M., Feuer, E. J., Merrill. R. M., Cronin. K. A., & Hankey, B. F. (1999). Cancer surveillance series interpreting trends in prostate cancer - part HI: Quantifying the link between population prostate-specific antigen testing and recent declines in prostate cancer mortality. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91: 1033-1039. 7. Hankey. B. F.. Ries. L. A., & Edwards, B. K. (1999). The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program: A national resource. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 8: 1117-1121. 8. Harlan, L. C, Potosky, A., Gilliland, F. D., Hoffman, R.. Albertsen. P. C, Hamilton, A. S.. Eley. J. W.. Stanford, J. L., & Stephenson, R. A. (2001). Factors associated with initial therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: Prostate cancer outcomes study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93: 1864-1871. 9. ICD-O-2: (1990). International classification of diseases for oncology (2nd ed). Geneva: World Health Organization. 10. Imperato, P. J., Nenner. R. P., & Will. T. O. (1996). Trends in radical prostatectomy in New York state. American Journal of Medical Quality, 11:205-213." 11. Litwin, M. S.. Pasta, D. J.. Stoddard, M. L., Henning, J. M., & Carroll, P. R. (1998). Epidemiological trends and financial outcomes in radical prostatectomy among Medicare beneficiaries, 1991 to 1993 [published erratum appears in Journal of Urology (1998). 160: 2164]. Journal of Urology, 160:445-448. 12. Lu-Yao, G. L., Potosky. A. L.. Albertsen, P. C, Wasson, J. H., Barry, M. J., & Wennberg, J. E. (1996). Follow-up prostate cancer treatments after radical prostatectomy: a population-based study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 166-173. 13. Lu-Yao. G. L., Albertsen, P.. Warren, J.. & Yao. S. L. (1999). Effect of age and surgical approach on complications and short-term mortality after radical prostatectomy-A population based study. Urology, 54: 301-307. 14. Madalinska. J. B., Essink-Bot, M. L.. deKoning, H. J., Kirkels, W. J., van der Maas. P. J.. & Schroder. F. H. (2001). Health-related quality-of-life effects of radical prostatectomy and primary radiotherapy for screen-detected or clinically diagnosed localized prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 19: 1619-1628. 15. Merrill, R. M. (1999). Comparison of smoking-related cancer prevalence between white men in Utah and the United States. Utah's Health: An Annual Review, 6: 10-18. 16. Merrill, R. M. (2001). Upstaging of prostate cancer due to radical prostatectomy in the United States: A population-based analysis. UroOn-cology, 1:243-250. 17. Montironi, R., Diamanti. L., Santinelli, A.. Galetti-Prayer, T., Zat-toni, F., Selvaggi, F. P., Pagano. F., & Bono. A.V. (1999). Effect of total androgen ablation on pathologic stage and resection limit status of prostate cancer. Initial results of the Italian PROSIT study. Pathology, Research and Practice, 195: 201-208. 18. Nadler, R. B. & Andriole, G. L. (1996). Who is best benefited by radical prostatectomy? Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 10:581-593. 19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nationwide Tobacco Use, Chronic Disease Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. [Online]http://apps.need.cdc.gov/brfss/list.asp? cat=TU&yr=2000&qkey=621 &state=US/. Retrieved 6/12/02. 20. North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (September 2000). Standards for Cancer Registries. Volume III. Standards for completeness, quality, analysis, and management of data. 21. Prowse, O.. Lancaster, C, & Trachtenberg, J. (1999). Patient-reported outcomes following radical prostatectomy. Can J UroL 6: 700-704. 22. Ries, L., Fritz, A. (editors) (1998). 77?^ SEER Program Code Manual. Tliird Edition. Surveillance Program. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, MD. 23. SEER*Stat 4.0. SEER Cancer Incidence Public-Use Database, 1973-1998. August 2000 Submission. 24. Stanford, J. L, Stephenson, R. A., Coyle, L. M., Cerhan, J., Correa. R., Eley, J. W.. Gilliland. F.. Hankey, B., Kolonel, L. N.. Kosary. C. Ross, R., Severson, R.. & West, D. (1999). Prostate Cancer Trends 1973-1995. SEER Program, National Cancer Institute. NIH Pub. No. 99: 4543. Bethesda. MD. 25. Steinberg, G. D., Bales. G. T., & Brendler, C. B. (1998). An analysis of watchful waiting for clinically localized prostate cancer. Journal of Urology. 159: 1431-1436. 26. U.S. Bureau of the Census. U.S. Populations, 2001. [Online] http:// seer.cancer.gov/USPops/. Retrieved 10/12/01. 27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Utah: Burden of Chronic Diseases, 1996. [Online] http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/statbook/ pdf/ut.pdf/. Retrieved 1/31/02. 28. Waterbor. J. W. & Bueschen. A. J. (1995). Prostate cancer screening (United States). Cancer Causes and Control. 6: 267-274. About the Author Ray Merrill is a professor in the Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University. Correspondence: 213 Richards Building, Provo, Utah 84602; telephone: (801) 378-9788; e-mail: Ray_Merrill@byn.edu Utah's Health: An Annual Review Volume VIII 27 |