UTAH HISTORICAL QUATERLY VOL I - VI

Utah Indians and Spanish slave trade

Utah Historical Quarterly State Capitol, Salt Lake City Volume 2 JULY, 1929 Number 3 UTAH INDIANS AND SPANISH SLAVE TRADE By Dr. Wm. J. Snow, Department of History, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah No history of the great American epic of westward migration frorn the Atlantic seaboard to the slopes of the Pacific border can fail to take into account the Indian. At every stage off advance the native redman has figured prominently in the trans­formation wrought in his primitive wilderness. This is true of early Utah history as of that of any other section of our country. Indeed Indian references furnish a key to many interesting episodes in the exploration and settlement of Utah Valleys. Hence careful and scholarly attention has been given to this subject in the previous issues of the Utah Historical Quarterly. It will be the purpose of the following article to give other Indian reference and to present in connection therewith certain incidents that furnish a basis for some rather important conclusions. Escalante, the first white man so far as known to enter Utah valleys was much concerned about the conversion of the Utah Indians. This was shown by certain extracts from his journal, given in the July Utah Historical Quarterly. Continuing the journal account we find him and his little band holding Septem­ber 24 and 25 a two days' conference with the Indians at the mouth of the Provo River. Great interest was aroused and hope held out that the Padres would return and establish missions here. Leaving Utah Lake September 26, the Escalante company went southwest, and on the 30th recorded the following: "Very early there came to the camp twenty Indians, accompanied by those that came in the afternoon of yesterday, all wrapped in blankets. They conversed with us very pleasantly until nine o'clock in the morning, as gentle and as affable as the others had been." w They are now on the banks of a river they call Santa Isabel. The journal continues: "From this river and place of Santa Isabel these Indians began to wear heavy beards which give them the appearance of Spaniards." On the 29th of September, Esca- 68 UTAH HISTORICAL MAGAZINE lante described an old Indian whose "beard was long and so matted that he resembled one of the hermits of Europe." This reference to bearded Indians is the connecting link with some subsequent exploits in Utah valley, and a key to the geography of the region. After 1776, the year of these explorations, no definite account of future expeditions into the Basin came to light again before 1805. It would appear, however, that a route across the moun­tains is being established over which adventurous Spaniards, for one reason or another, wander into these valleys quite frequently. In 1805, one Jaoquim de Real Alencaster, then governor of New Mexico, enters into communication with the commandant general in regard to the exploits of one Manuel Mestas whom he praises for his virtues and courage. To him is accredited the feat of reducing the Yutas to peace and recovering horses stolen by the Comanches and retaken by the Yutas in subsequent battle between the two tribes. He, Mestas, is spoken of as a Yuta interpreter of fifty years' experience. From the account given it appears he had been in the vicinity of the Yutas Timpanogos which would be around the Utah Lake of today. Furthermore, the inference might be drawn that there existed a rather intimate connection between the Spaniards and the Yutas.1 More to the point and more significant is the account of an expedition to Utah Lake and southward in 1813. In this year seven men under the command of Mauricio Arze and Lagos Garcia penetrated to the very heart of the Utah Basin. They were gone some four months, leaving Abiquin March 16, 1813, and returning on the 12th of July following. When the governor of New Mexico heard of their return, he ordered them to report to Manuel Garcia the alcalde of the Villa de Santa de la Canada. This report is contained in a recently discovered document in the archives of New Mexico.2 The facts as they related them were in substance as follows: They had gone to Timpanogos (Utah) Lake and remained three days among the Yutas there. They gave testimony under oath that the Indians insisted on selling them slaves, but that they refused to buy. At this the Indians began killing their horses. After eight horses and a mule had been killed the chief succeeded in quieting them. But the Spaniards, nevertheless, felt an im­pulse to get away. From this point they went south to the San Sebero (Sevier) River, the Santa Isabel River of Escalante. Here they met a Tor further inforrfction concerning this matter see article by J. J. Hill of Bancroft Library in Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, under the title Ewing Young and the Fur trade of the far Southwest 2A photostat copy is now in the Bancroft Library. The original document is listed without number in Twitchell-Spanish Archives of New Mexico. UTAH INDIANS AND SPANISH SLAVE TRADE 69 Yuta of Sanpuchi (San Pete) nation, who guided five of them- the other two remaining with the pack train-to the bearded Indians of whom Escalante wrote. The Santa Isabel river now becomes the San Sebero (Sevier) of the Arze-Garcia expedition, and the bearded Indians become the means of identifying the region. The affidavits taken contain no reference to any difficulties in reaching the lake region from which it might be inferred that the way to Timpanogos, (Utah Lake) was now well known. A particular point of this narrative is the reference to Indian slaves. It would seem from facts to be presented later that almost continuously from Escalante's expedition on until after the Mormons came, wandering Spaniards entered these valleys, not only for furs, but to traffic in Indian slaves. Uncle Dick Wootton" an old wilderness man, who apparently was trapping in Utah in 1837-1838, makes the following com­ment : "It was no uncommon thing in those days (back in the 30's) to see a party of Mexicans in that country (the Great Basin) buying Indians, and while we were trapping there I sent a lot of peltries to Taos by a party of those same slave traders.4 That this slave traffic was "no uncommon thing" is proved by various other authorities and accredited instances. Says the noted western traveler, Thomas J. Farnham, speaking of the region between the Little Snake River and the Great Salt Lake, "There is a stream called the 'Severe' (sic) River which rises in the high plateau to the S. E. of the Lake. * * * and termi­nates in its own lakes * * *. Here live the 'Piutes' and the 'Land Pitches' (Sanpitch) the most degraded and least intel­lectual Indians known to the trappers. * * * These poor creatures are hunted in the spring of the year, when weak and helpless, by a certain class of men, and when taken, are fattened, carried to Santa Fe and sold as slaves during their minority. A likely girl in her teens brings often times six pounds or eight pounds. The males are valued less."" Similar incidents are related by the noted Indian Scout and Southwestern traveler, Daniel W. Jones. Writing of New Mexico he says :' "Thus we find that the people of New Mexico, at the time I am writing of them in 1851, were making annual trips, commencing with a few goods, trading on their way with either Navajoes or Utes (generally with the Navajoes) for horses, which they sold very cheap, al­ways retaining their best ones. These used up horses were "Conard, Howard Lewis-Uncle Dick Wootton the Pioneer Frontiers­man of the Rocky Mountains, Chicago, 1890, pp. 75-80. "Bancroft, H. H. History of Utah, p. 473, CF. Whitney History of Utah, Vol. 1, pp. 510-511. "Farnham, Thomas J. Travels in the Great Western Prairies, May 21- October 16, :1839, in Thwaites Early Western Travels, Vol. 28, pp. 249 ff. "Jones, Daniel, W. "Forty Years Among the Indians," pp. 49-50. 70 UTAH HISTORICAL MAGAZINE brought through and traded to the poorer Indians for children. * * This trading was continued into Lower California, where the children bought on the down trip would be traded to the Mexican Californians for other horses, goods or cash. All children bought on the return trip would be taken back to New Mexico and then sold, boys fetching on an average $100, girls from $100 to $200. * * * This slave trade gave rise to the civil wars between the native tribes of this country, from Salt Lake down to the tribes in Southern Utah. Walker and his band raided on the weak tribes, taking their children prisoners and selling them to the Mexicans. Many of the lower classes, inhabiting the southern deserts, would sell their own children for a horse and kill and eat the horse. The Mexicans were as fully established and sys­tematic in this trade as ever were the slavers on the seas, and to them it was a very lucrative business." It would seem that this example of slave traffic on the part of Spaniards of New Mexico carried over to the different tribes of Indians themselves. According to Captain Simpson the Indians in the southern part of the territory bartered their children to one another. The Utes in particular bought slaves and sold them to more southern tribes or to Mexicans.' This was in 1859. Five years earlier than this James G. Bleak," historian of Southern Dixie records the following regarding a group of missionaries sent to labor among the Indians of that section: "The first day they camped on the present site of Toquerville, and had an inter­view with the Indian chief Toquer (sic) Indian word for black, they found the band very friendly. The following day the mis­sionaries continued their journey south and camped on the Rio Virgin, opposite the present site of Washington. Here they found another camp of Indians. These were very timid. The women and children secreted themselves in the brush while the men approached the newcomers in a very cautious hesitating manner, trembling as they shook hands with the whites. * * * The cause of their fear it was found arose from the fact that! bands of Utes and Mexicans had repeatedly made raids upon them and had taken their children to California and Mexico and sold them for slaves." These various incidents evidence the fact that this nefari­ous practice was deepseated and widespread. The interest and devotion of Escalante and his little band in behalf of the souls of the Indians had been transformed into the cruel traffic in their bodies. The Mormons were brought face to face with this business 'Simpson, Captain, "Explorations Across the Great Basin of Utah, 1859," p. 35 "Bleak, James G., "Journal History of Dixie." Type copy in Brigham Young University, p. 20 f. UTAH INDIANS AND SPANISH SLAVE TRADE 71 soon after entering the valley. Bancroft records :* "During the winter of 1847-8, some Indian Children were brought to the fort (the old Salt Lake Fort) to be sold. At first two werei offered but the settlers peremptorily refused to buy them. The Indian in charge said that the children were captured in war and would be killed at sunset if the white men did not buy them. Thereupon they purchased one of them, and the one not sold was shot. Later, several Indians came in with two more, using the same t h r e a t ; they were bought and brought up at the expense of the settlers."10 This sounds very much like an incident related by Peter Gottfredson quoting from Solomon F. Kimball's Jour­nal pp. 15-16. He relates that soon after the Mormons arrived in the valley it is recorded that a number of Indians were encamped near Hot Springs, north of Salt Lake City. A little girl whom they had stolen from another tribe was offered for a rifle. The colonists at first refused to buy, whereupon the Indians began to torture her, declaring they would kill her unless the rifle was forthcoming. In the face of this cruelty and threat one of the men parted with his only gun."11 The Indian policy of President Brigham Young and the Mormons was one of good will and friendship, and this business greatly shocked them. April 23, 1853, President Young issued the following proclamation :12 "Whereas it is known to me by reliable information from affidavits and various other sources, that there is in this territory a horde of Mexicans or outlandish men, who are infesting the settlements, stirring up the Indians to make aggressions upon the inhabitants, and who are furnishing the Indians with guns, ammunition, etc., contrary to the laws of this territory and the United States. "And whereas it is evident that it is the intention of these Mexicans or foreigners to break the laws of this territory and the United States, utterly regardless of every restriction, furnishing the Indians with guns and powder, whenever and wherever it suits their designs, convenience or purpose. "Therefore, I, Brigham Young, Governor and Superintend­ent of Indian Affairs for the territory of Utah, in order to pre­serve peace, quell the Indians and secure the lives and property of the territory, hereby order and direct as follows : The purport "Bancroft, H. H, "History of Utah," p. 278. "Charles Decker bought one of the prisoners, a girl, who was afterwards brought up in President Young's family. She married Kanosh, an Indian chief. "Gottfredson, Peter, "Indian Depredations in Utah." "Bancroft, H. H. History /of Utah, pp. 475 ft. Cf. Whitney, Orson F., History of Utah, Vol. 1, p. 512. This proclamation first appeared in the Deseret News of April 30, 1853. A little later it ,'was copied by El Siglo Diez Y Nueve (Mexico) in its issue of July 16, 1853. On July 20, 1853, this same paper devoted the entire front page to the subject in opposition tto governor Young's action. 72 UTAH HISTORICAL MAGAZINE of the iOrder was for a detachment of thirty men to go south through the settlements, warn the people, and apprehend all such strolling Mexicans and keep them in custody until further advised." A little more than a year before this proclamation, January 31, 1852, the Utah legislature passed a law prohibiting this whole business. The preamble read as follows:™ "From time im­memorial, the practices of purchasing women and children of the Utah tribes of Indians by Mexican traders, has been indulged and carried on by these respective people, until the Indians consider it an allowable traffic and frequently offer their prisoners or children for sale." The immediate occasion for this law was no doubt the report in the Deseret News of November 15, 1851, that a party under Pedro Leon were in Manti, Sanpete valley, trying to trade horses for Indian children. Moreover, Leon held a license signed by Governor James S. Calhoun and dated Santa Fe, August 14, 1851. This identifies the Mexicans as Spaniards from New Mexico. The announcement of the presence of this party aroused considerable concern, and later eight of the group including Pedro Leon, were arrested and tried before the justice of the peace at Manti, in the winter of 1851-52. Still later the case came up before Zerubbabel Snow, Judge of the First District Court, and was decided against the defendants, and the Indian slaves in their possession were liberated and the Mexicans sent away." In summing up the evidence Judge Snow pointed out that the previous September (1851) twenty-eight Spaniards left New Mexico on a trading expedition with the Utah Indians in their various localities in New Mexico and Utah, that before leaving one Pedro Leon obtained from the governor of New Mexico a license to trade on his own account with these Indians, that upon exhibiting his license to governor Young he was told that the license did not cover or authorize trade with the Utah Indians and that he himself would never license traffic in women and children. The Spaniards then promised they would go immedi­ately home. All but eight kept their promise. These were the defendants in the case described. It appears perfectly evident from all this that the region South of Utah Lake must have been well known and frequently visited during the first half of the nineteenth century. The settlements visualized by Escalante did not materialize. Instead, unscrupulous Spaniards devoid of the spirit and purpose ex- MPage 3, Utah Laws and Statutes, etc. Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials (Salt Lake City, 1855), p. 70. "Bancroft, H. H. op. cit. Cf. Whitney, History of Utah, Vol. 1, PP 510-511; also Jones, Daniel W. op. cit. pp. 50 f. SOURCE DOCUMENTS ON UTAH INDIAN SLAVERY 73 ploited the Indians in a most cruel and inhuman manner. The Mormon leaders with the same concern for the Indians the good Padres exhibited, put a stop to this disreputable business and sought to convert the Indians to their faith. SOME SOURCE DOCUMENTS ON UTAH INDIAN SLAVERY Indian Tribes Of The Interior Of Oregon, 1841* The Snakes, or Shoshones, are -widely scattered tribes, and some even assert that they are of the same race as the Camanches, whose separation is said to be remembered by the Snakes; it has been ascertained, in confirmation of this opinion, that they both speak the same language. The hunters report, that the proper country of the Snakes is to the east of the Youta Lake, and north of the Snake or Lewis river; but they are found in many detached places. The largest band is located near Fort Boise, on the Snake river, to the north of the Bonacks. The Snakes have horses and fire-arms, and derive their subsistence both from the chase and from fishing. There are other bands of them, to the north of the Bonacks, who have no horses, and live on acorns, and roots, their only arms being bows and arrows. In consequence of the mode of gaining their subsistence, they are called "Diggers," and are looked upon with great contempt. The Crows inhabit the country between the Wind River Mountains and the Platte; and are represented as not so hostile at present to the whites as the Blackfeet. The former are much the most shrewd and intelligent of the Indian tribes, and keep up a continual war with the Blackfeet and Snakes. The battle-ground of these three nations is about the headwaters oi the Platte, Green, and Snake rivers, or in the vicinity Fremont's South Pass. Their proper or Indian name, is "Upsaroke". The Bonacks resemble the Snakes in their character and habits. They inhabit the country between Fort Boise and Fort Hall, and are considered as a braver people than the Snakes, with whom they are occasionally at war; but their particular enemy is the tribe of Cayuses. The Sampiches are a tribe wandering over the desert south of the Youta Lake. Their language is said to be allied to that of the Snakes, and their habits to those of the "Diggers" or poorer Snakes. The Youtas inhabit the country between the Snake and *Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, by Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Commander of the Expedition, member of the American Philosophical Society, etc. In five volumes, and an Atlas, Vol. IV, pages 471-474. Philadelphia 1845. 74 UTAH HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Green rivers. These also resemble the "Diggers" in appearance and mode of life, although their language is by some thought to be peculiar. The barren country between the Youta Lake and the Cali­fornia range of mountains, is thinly inhabited by Indians, speak­ing the same language as the Bonacks. Mr. Newell of the Willamette, has known Indians of these tribes acquainted with individuals of the Bonacks. Southwest of the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a corruption of their name. They are said to differ remarkably from the other natives of this country; and the description of them has the air of romance, though it appears to be well substantiated by persons who have travelled in the direction of their country. But few have seen them, except the hunters of Mr. Walker's party who were with Captain Bonneville. They are reported to live in fastnesses among high mountains, to have good clothing and houses; to manufacture blankets, shoes and various other articles, which they sell to the neighboring tribes. Their color is as light as that of the Spaniards; and the women in particular are very beautiful, with delicate features and long flowing hair. They are said to be very neat in their persons, dignified and decorous in their manners, and exceedingly modest. The story goes that the hunters who saw them were so much pleased, that they determined to return and settle among them; but on their return to the Rocky Mountains, they were prevented by old associations. Some have attempted to connect these with an account of an ancient Welsh colony, which others had thought they discovered among the Mandans of the Missouri; while others were disposed to believe they might still exist among the Monkeys of the Western Mountains. There is another account, which speaks of the Monquoi Indians, who formerly inhabited Lower California, and were partially civilized by the Spanish missionaries; but who have left that country, and of whom all traces have long since been lost. Perhaps some future travelers may be able to discover them again, and give their true history; for that there exists a small tribe of different manners and habits from those who surround them, there appears to be but little doubt. Though not immediately allied with my subject, yet some information which I obtained in relation to the Indians, east of the Rocky Mountains, may be interesting. Between the Green and Arkansas, are the Navajoes, and south of them the Apaches. These hover about the Spanish settlements, which they frequent­ly ravage, and whence they carry off the children as slaves. The trappers informed us that it was no uncommon circumstance to •SOURCE DOCUMENTS ON UTAH INDIAN SLAVERY 75 see among them, Spanish boys, still speaking their own language, serving as slaves; and handsome white girls, living as wives to the haughty Apache warriors. One thing seems well established, that the tribes are gradu­ally extending themselves to the southward, or rather, the more northern are encroaching on those of the south. It is well known, that what is now called the Blackfeet country was former­ly possessed by the Snakes; and that the older men of the nation are well acquainted with this fact. The country now in possession of the Snakes, belonged to the Bonacks, who have been driven to the Sandy Desert. The Kiniwas and Camanches are instances of the same occurrence. This movement is attributed to the desire of each tribe to possess a more fertile soil and more genial climate; and to the exhaustion of game or emigration of the buffalo to the east. There are none of these animals now found west of the Youta Lake; and several years ago, according to the hunters, they deserted that region to range nearer the Rocky Mountains; the space between which and the then Butes is now the great buffalo country; and frequented by the Nez Perces, Bonacks, Snakes, and Flatheads, where these latter have frequent contests with the Crows and Blackfeet. Those who have travelled the route from the United States to the Oregon Territory, seem to have but little dread for the war parties of the Indians, who seldom now venture to attack any party of whites, however small. The great difficulty ex­perienced by them, is in procuring food for their animals, and themselves at the point where many other obstacles are to be overcome; but the way for the emigrant is far less toilsome, from the accounts of those who have gone through the hardships, than has been represented. It will not be many years before these difficulties will not be considered, and in all probability, the new routes that will be found will render the travel much less fa­tiguing to both man and beast. One great impediment to the traveler after this journey is performed has been already re­moved; for on his arrival in the Oregon, he now meets with his friends, and every thing that he can desire, to insure his com­fort in a new country; instead of, as formerly, depending upon the precarious supply furnished by the Indians.