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Show CONTENTS. X PAGE . . in from the Caspian Sea to the Azores-pelago- Volcamc regiOn exten.d g. L k Ar 1 and the Sea of Azof-Low . f th Caspian with a e a Former connexlOn o e . . f delu es on the shores of the Bos- . t' these seas-Tradlhon o g t' £ steppes sku mg d the Grec.i an arc h'l pe 1a go -Periodical alterna Ion o phorus, Hellespont, an It 1 , Western limits of the European . S · d Southern a y-earthquakes m yna an ~ bl . proportion as we recede from k nd more 1ee e m region-Earthqua es rarer a . t 1 os not to be included in lines the centres of volcanic action-Extmc vo can • • 312 of active vents • · CHAPTER XIX. . tions in the district round Naples-Early con· History of the voleamc erup s tluown up there-Epomeo . h . 1 d of Ischia-Numerous cone vulsions m t e lS an A -The Solfatara-Renewal of the 1 b't 1 olcano-Lake vernus not an la 1 ua v d . t' of the phenomena-Re- V . A D 79-Pliny's escnp 1011 eruptions of. ~suvms . .~· the destruction of Herculaneum aud Pompeii marks on hls silence respec mg . L discharged in Ischia in 1302- t history of Vesuvms- ava . 't -Subsequen . M t Nuovo thrown up-Umform1 y 1 r ns of V esuvms- on e Pause in tle erup 10 . d the Phl~grrean Fildlds in ancient of the volcanic operations of V csuvms an 326 and modern times CHAPTER XX. . . tructnre of the cone of Vesuvius-Dikes in the recent Dm1ens1ons and s h V . s and Somma-Vesuvian lavas ~ d Section throug esuvm cone, how lorme - 't' f lava-Alluvions called " aqueous . al Effects of decomposl lOll o d and mmer . s-:- 't' f the matter enveloping Herculaneum an lavas"-Ongm and ~ompos\Ion ob' t-Condition and contents of the lJUried Pompeii-Controversies on t le .su ~ec -Small number of cities-Proofs of their having suffereu by an earthquake b t es Rolls skeletons-State of preservation of ~nimal .and ;e~~~b~~:a:i=:T:e del of Pa rus-Probability of future dlscovenes o . . f the py C l a· em arks on the destroying and renovatmg ngency o Greco- one u mg r • • 340 Campanian volcanos CHAPTER XXI. h . of Etna-Minor cones produced by lateral eruptions External p ys1ognomy . f Etna-Monti S .. e obliteration of these cones-Early eruphons o - uccesslV . T erfloweu by Ross1. thrown up m. 1669-Grcat fissure of S. L10- owns ov t f 1· a lava-Part of Catania destroyed-Mode of the advance of a cu.rreu o av CONTENTS. xi PAGE -Excavation of a church unuer lava-Series of subterranean cavernsLinear direction of cones formed in 1811 and 1819-Flood produced in 1755 by the melting of snow during an eruption-A glacier covered by a lava. stream on Etna-Volcanic eruptions in Iceland-New island thrown up in 1783-Two lava-currents of Skaptar Jokul in the same year-Their immense volum~-Eruption of Jorullo in Mexico-Humboldt's Theory respecting the convexity of the Plain of Malpais 361 CHAPTER XXII. Volcanic Archipelagos-The Canaries-Eruptions of the Peak of Teneriffe -Cones thrown up in Lancerote in 1730-36-Pretended distinction between ancient and modern lavas-Recent formation of oolitic travertine in Lancerote- Grecian Archipelago-Santorin and its contiguous isles-Von Buch's Theory of "Elevation Craters" considered-New islands thrown up in the Gulf of Santorin-Supposed H Crater of Elevation'' in the Isle of Palma-Description of the Caldera of Palma-Barren island in the Bay of Bengal-Origin of the deep gorge on the side of "Elevation Craters"Stratification of submarine volcanic products-Causes of the great size of the craters of submarine volcanos-Cone of Somma, formed iu the s~me manner ajl that of VesuviuS-Mineral composition of volcanic productsSpeculations respecting the nature of igneous rocks prouuced at great depths, by moclern volcanic eruptions 380 CHAPTER XXIII. Earthquakes aild their effects-Deficiency of ancient accouuts-Ordinary atmospheric phenomena-Changes produced by earthquakes in modern times considered i1~ chronological order-Earthquake in Murcia, 1829-Bogota in 1827-Chili in 1822-Great extent of country elevated-Aleppo in 1822- Ionian Isles in 1820-Island of Sumbawa in 1815-Town of Tomboro submerged- Earthqtlake of Cutch in 1819-Subsidence of the delta of the Indus-Earthquake of Caraccas in 1812-South Carolina in 1811-Geographical changes in the valley of the Mississippi-Volcanic convulsions in the Aleutian Islands in 1806-Reflections on the earthquakes of the eightteenth century-Earthquake in Quito, 1797-Cumana, 1797-Caraccas, 1790-Sieily, 1790-Java, 1786-Sinking down of large tracts 398 CHAPTER XXIV. Earthquake in Calabria, February 5th, 1783-Shocks continued to the end of the year 1786-Authorities-Extent of the area convulsed-Geological |