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Show 89 Jn 1828 and 1846, Congress made land grants to Alabama, Iowa, and Wisconsin to promote river improvement.89 But no substantial improvements resulted, and the demand for federal undertaking of improvement of waterways continued.90 In 1850, President Fillmore took the position that unless Congress directly undertook waterway improvements, they could not be accomplished at all.91 In the latter part of the century Con- gress appropriated funds for improving or completing private developments, provided the owners relinquished their rights to charge tolls.92 Also, it authorized the acquisition of state and privately owned canals and navigation works by donation,93 condemna- tion,94 and by purchase.95 In addition and despite an apparent hesitancy to undertake sole responsibility and despite rapid rail expansion, Congress by 1882 had appropriated over one hundred million dollars for rivers and harbors.96 In total, Congress has now enacted many hundreds of laws "Act of May 23, 1828, 4 Stat. 290, amended by Act of April 24, 1830, 4 Stat. 397; Act of February 12, 1831, 4 Stat. 441; Act of July 16, 1832, 4 Stat. 604; Act of June 23, 1836, 5 Stat. 57 (Alabama); Act of August 8, 1846, 9 Stat. 77 (Iowa); id., p. 83 (Wisconsin). See Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Polioies, pp. 240-241 (1924). 90 Sen. Doc. No. 137, 27th Cong., 3d sess. (1843). See also Sen. Doc. No. 72, 21st Cong., 2d sess. (1831). 915 Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 90 (1896). M Act of March 3,1879, 20 Stat. 363, 371 (Aransas Pass and Bay, Texas); Act of August 2, 1882, 22 Stat. 191, 199 (Little Kanawha River); Act of July 5,1884, 23 Stat. 133,135 (Galveston Bay, Texas); Act of June 13,1902, 32 Stat. 331,349 (St. Lawrence River). 98 Act of June 14,1880,21 Stat. 180,189 (St. Marys Falls Canal, Michigan) ; Act of August 5,1886,24 Stat. 310,324 (Muskingum River Improvements). "Act of June 3, 1896, 29 Stat. 202, 217 (Monongahela River Improve- ments). 95 Act of July 25,1912,37 Stat. 201,206 (Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal) ; Act of August 8,1917, 40 Stat. 250, 262 (Cape Cod Canal) ; Act of March 2, 1919, 40 Stat. 1275,1277 (Chesapeake and Delaware Canal) ; Act of March 3, 1925, 43 Stat. 1186 (Lake Drummond or Dismal Swamp Canal). 96 Appropriations and Expenditures for Rivers and Harbors, H. Exec. Doc. No. 64, 48 Cong., 1st sess., p. 285 (1884); Ambler, A History of Transpor- tation ik the Ohio Valley, pp. 185-209 (1932); Clowes, Shipways to the Sea, p. 31 (1929), Transportation in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and Bureau of Operations, United States Shipping Board, pp. 170-172 (1929). |