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Show 1.2.2 " It Takes Tw o to Invent A n y th in g " The idea that introspection or the ability to understand one's own behavior is at the core of intelligence has been present for a long time. However, it seems to be common consensus that "it takes two to invent anything" . The title of this section is a paraphrase of poet Valery taken from [17]. It means that an intelligent system is composed of at least two parts: one part to make decisions and one part to carry them out. In Valery's own words [87]: "The working of our mind may be considered a series . . . of unconscious productions and of conscious interventions. . . . all unquestionable human progress is due to the utilization of these two modes of psychical existence One of the first to think in a formal way about limitations of a monolith system in monitoring itself was Popper [71]: " . . . although C may describe its own ti state in detail, it can never complete this description before ti has passed; it therefore can describe completely its own past, but not its own future." He reasons that another system D can tell more about system C than system C itself. Therefore, a combined system of D and C where D is monitoring and controlling C is more expressive than C itself. The position that an intelligent system consists of two parts is advocated by pioneers of artificial intelligence Newell and Simon [62]. They propose a generate and test paradigm as the basis of intelligent behavior. One part of the system generates hypotheses. Another part of the system tests these hypotheses. They used this paradigm in their long and successful line of work in artificial and human intelligence. |
