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Show . 174 EMIGRANT'S GUIDE . to mah~rity~ There were several of these tre. e. s planted against a warm wa11 at Cambden house near Kingston, which succeeded very welJ, till their tops were advanced above the wall, after which they l\·ere generally killed in winter, so far down as the top of the wall.* The olive was considered by the ancients as a maritime tree, and they supposed it would not thrive at any distance from the sea; Lut by experience, we find they will succeeti very well in any country where the air is of a proper temperature of heat, t.kough the trees are found to bear the spray of the sea better than mo5t other sorts. In Languedoc and Provence, where the alive tree is greatly cultivated, they propagate it by truncheons split fmm the roots of th~ trees; for as these trees are frequently hurt by l1ard frosts in winter 50 when their tops are killed, they send up several stalks from th~ root; and when these are grown pretty strong, they separate them with an axe from the toot ; in the doing of which they are careful to preserve a few roots ( radicles or fibres) to the truncheons. These are cut off in the spring, after the danger of frost is over, and planted about two feet deep in the grolind, covering the surface with biltter, or mulch, to preYent the sun and wind from penetrating and dl'ying tbe ground. . When the plants have taken new root, they are careful to stir the ground and destroy the weeds. . '~his tr~e will grow in almost any· soil ; but when· it is planted In nc!1 moist gronnd, they grow larger and make a finer appearance than m poor land ; but the fruit is. of less esteem, because the oil made from it is as that which is produced in a leaner soil. The chalky ground is esteemed the best for these tree~, and the oil which is made from the trees growirlO' upon that sort of land is much finer and will keep longer than the ~ther. ' . I.n tl~e countries where the inh~bitants are curious in the making of then oJJ,; th~y are frequently ob!Jged to get truncheons of the ordinary sort of oh.ves to plant ; b~t after they have taken good root, they graft them w1th the .sort of olive which they prefer to the other. In Languedoc they ~h1efly propagate the carmeau, and the amphoulan, and. moureau, which are three varieties of the f-irst ~peeies : but in Spam the seco~d sort is gen~rally cultivated, where they have more regard to the stz~ of th~ frUit and the quantity of oil they will pro· duce, than to their quahty. If the .cultu1·e of lhese trees was well understood by the inhabitants of Carolma, and properly pursued, it might become a valuable brancli of trade to them; for there is no reason to doubt of their succeeding, I .*This fact. is decisive ns to the effect of shelters Ufon vegetables. Hills, moun· tam~, an? !h•ck fo~~sts, are, .on the large scale, what walls, buildings, aud hedges, are m mm1ature. I. he promment features of tbe circumjacent country cannot be too carefully ~xam1ned, when the introduction of a tender vegetable is intend· ~d. In e~permlCnts, too ~uch care is in common expended upon vegetab!i Itself. It lS I he caus~ why •.n so many instances ess-ays perfectly satisfactory on ~ small scale, entJrely fml when brought to practical use in extensive ex· per1ments. ~ye1·y_vege~a~Ie u~on 'Yhich essays a1·e made, ought to be planted as near as to-stble m a sJmtl~~ s1tuatton to where, of consequence, it must be placed when r.~~~g~t to u.se. Ih~re bav~ been ~any deceptioni in respect to sugat· cane, anomo from matten~10n to tlus ·~·err am~le aqd almost CDbvious rule. EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 175 the summers there being hot enough to ripen the fruit to its utmost perfection. . , In t11is country (England) the plants are only preserved by way of curiosity, and are placed in winter in the green-~ouse for variety .. So I shall next give an account of the method by which they are here propagated, with the manner of treatment. . . The plants rnny be propagated by laymg down thetr tender branches, (in the manner practised for other trees,) which should remain undisturbed two years, in which time they will have taken root, and may then be taken off from the old plants, and transplanted either into spots filled with fr€sh light eartb, or in the open ground in a warm situation. The best season tor transplanting them is itt the beginning of April, when you should, if possible, take the opportunity of a moist season ; and those which are planted in spots hould be placed in a shady part of the green-house, until they have taken root; but those planted in the ground should have mulch laid about their roots, to prevent the earth from drying too fast, and now and t~en refreshed with water; but you must by no means let them l1ave too much moisture, which will rot the tender fibres of the roo~ and destroy the tre.es. When the plauts have taken fresh root, those in tbe spots may be ex osed to the open air, with other hardy exotics, with which they should be housed in winter, and treated like myrtles and other less tencler trees and shrubs; but those in the open air will require no farther care until the winte.r follo·wi.ng, when you should mulch the ground about their roots, to prevent the frost from penetrating deep into it; and if the frost prove very severe, you should cover them wi th mats, which will defend them from being in· jured thereby ; but you must be cautious not to Jet the mats continue over them after tbe frost is past, lest by keeping th&m too dose, their leaves a1.1d tender branches should turn moul(>)y for want of fresh air, which will be of as bad consequence to the trees as if they had been exposed to the frost, and many times worse; for it seldom happens, if they have taken much of this mould, or have been long covered, so that it has entered the bark, that they are ever recoverable again; whereas it often happens, that the frost only destroys tue tender shoots; but the body and larger branches remaining unhurt, put out again the succeeding spring. It will appear demonstrated, from what has been given to this treatise, that as far as ripening their fruit is concerneJ, that the vine and ~live way be both introduced into the southe.rn parts of the United Stat.es ; but the re is another very important problem that remains ~nsolved-how far the stems and roots of those trees can support the rigours 0f the winters of Alabama and the state of Louisiana. As respects the effects of frost upon their fibres, vegetables may be divided into classe.s: l 0 • 'rhose shrubs and other plants whose leaves remain undeRtructible by ordinary frost. 'I'he most rema'rkable of these are, the pines, firs, cedars, most laurels, and in the United States, the live oak, and large reed cane, arundo gigantea. 2°. Those veget· b1es whose leaves perish, and generally full to the ground uy fro ·t ; but whose stems or trunks remain uninjul'ed, and |