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Show 23G EMIGRANrf'S GUIDE. "I did not find wheat at Vincennes, on the \¥'abash; the jnhab ~ tants preferred maize, tobacco, and cotton, productions that mark a warm climate. :l(. "The 1st of July the inhabitants of Kaska!kia had con1menced thei harv st as at Monticello. '' 'I'he. econd line that I traceu from the Aleghany mountains, westward, does not present apparently the same regularity of result ZJS the precetling line Trom the sea shore to the summit of the mountains. The d1fference, 110 doubt, proceeds from the diversity of the Jerel, the exposures, and e\'en of the latitudes, which are more varied in the latter than in tl1e former. "lf, for xample, harvest is later at Cincinnati than at Galipolis, it must be because Lhe former place is nw1·e to the north, Less sheltered from north winds, and less open to the south, tlzt~n the latter town; and if the valley of ·Kenllawa presents a b:-.rve t more precocious, though more elevated than Galipoli~, the ditTcreu.ce must arise from the val· ley of the Kenhawa Leing enclosed by mountains, th~ effect of which is to confine and coJJcentrate the heat, a fact that I perceived myself, having found the heat here more ,inten e than in the adjacent coun~ ry : and in our gardens we hnve the proof of this combined action m m: ny respect~; as our espaliers ripen tbe same species of fruit 3 or 10 days e~r~Jer or later, according as they are exposad to the soutb, to t!1e nsmg or setting sun, or still more according as they are ~beltered from cold winds, or struck with the reverberation of warm air from other ·walls. It is not less true also that the level has O'reat efl'cct in any given line, and that there is ; remarkable coincid~nce i~ the time of harvest (July 1st), between Monticello and Kaskaskia, s1tuate_d under the same parallel, and on 1 presume nearly equa! clevtltrun. ''Nevertheless, I am far from denying, that there exists in the west, several phenomena of temperature anJ of ve(Jetation that cannot be e-xplained by either the comparative elevation° or exp~sure. " r n the first rank of these phenomena is the circumstance, that fo ~ some years botanists h~ve observed, and daily experience bas cunfir~ ned, tbat on cumpanng places east and west of Aleghany mountallls, where tr~es and pl.auts grow spontaneously, tbey l!ave discovered tbat pl:-~ces m the bao;m of the Ohio and Mississippi were warmer by a <.!Jlference tbree degrr es of latitude, than those east; and that trees and plants whose organization demanJs a warm climate, and shorter and less severe winters, is found three degrees of lntituJe Mr· Volney' s~oral calendar, 15 days in the relative commencement of .IJarvest. Much uneerta~nty must rest upon any deductions drawn fr·om the pl!enomena. o_f on I) one yenr:; but as fnr· as dependence can be plttced upon the observa· ~10115 made by thr autbot·, and the fidelity of lti n·1ation of facts has nevcl' een duubteJ,_ C_:incinnati must be placed iu a climate colder than MonticelJ() by at least a t:llffercnce of tlll'ee dt'~~ n~es of latitude. Dr. Drake gives July 4tll, ~s thr- commt'ncem ntof hat·vest at Cinciunati an<.l eveu that ditfcrence, tbougb It le ~-~~~ ns tb.e effect, yet leaves a change much 'more than equal to t!Je real differ· ence of lat 'tude. v·" "Fo.uar·co has been one of the common cmps and staple commodities of , 11·gtrua, 118 fat· uortl"> a:-: the 39th degree of north latitude, eve1· sinc:e the first settlement OL the country. Maize is now cultivated in New-Hampshire. , EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. ~37 farther to the north, in the west of the AIP-ghany mountains, than on the same line of latitude on the Atlantic coast. Cotton that wcceeds at Cincinnati and Vincennes on the 39° N. lat., cannot be. cultivated north of :35 or 3G0 N. lat. in tbP. Carolinas. It is the same wilh the catalpas, the sassafras, pawpaw, and paccan or lllinois nut,:!(. and many other trees and plants, the detail of which would uemaml more lmowledge than I possess on ti re subject. "Thi::: kind of proof is irresi ~ tiule; and it is oHwrwisP supported by the pher.10mena of <.:Rch particular sf> ason. ln all my routes on the Ohio, aud in my tliffere nt stations in Kentucky, at G<1 lipolis, at Limestone, Lexingtun, at LouLville, at Cincinnati, am! Vincennes thP. information I have been able to collect bas uniformly established the following facts. . . 1 , ''That winter only comm(>nCt-!!'i about ats own soJst1cc, (21. t-~2d December,) ~nd the cold only exhibits it ~ <"ffect~ ill the rorty or fifty following day5; the term is not fixeu or uniform in its duration; it has also intervals of tPmperate and even warm dtlys. The thermometer does not descend below 5° or 6° degrees of Reaumer, from 16° to 20° of' Fahrenheit, below zero. The f'rosls which appear and disappear a few days in October, returns tmv <~ rds the encl of November to again disappear. The intense fr lSt, 1 say, only commences towards the beginning of January. Bro ks, small riv ers. ami stagnant waiers, then freeze; but rarely remain frozen auove from three to fifteen <.1 a ys. " The winter of 1796-7 is considered without ex<1mple, when tlJ r. mercury fell in Fahrenheit's thermometer 1 ~o below zero ;t and ah:o when the Aleghany, Monongahela, and Obio rivers were f10 zen from the 20th of November to the 30th of January,~: sixty·fi \'e d<1ys. *Cotton cannot be cultivated to any ad r nnta g~ in the soutlJ part of Kcn li d:y, in lat. 37° Norlb. The catalpa-tree is at this .rnorn nnt growing in OJ en ai r iu tbe streets of Bmoklyn, r1eur· New-York; and in the state· house ynrd in J> lJi litdelphia there ares veral trees of this ~ p ei s, otto o f~ hieh is two feet in di arnek! r. The sa ssafras and pawpaw Loth grow u wn the D ln11 are, tile former to the size of a consideralJic tree; the lattet· is in all places u .. hrub. t The author of this trcali5e resided nt Wlwr·li ng, on the Ohio, in 7~)1) -- (i, ~nd on tbe MonongeiJela, 11 ~r Brownsvill(•, 1i96-97. The la tti'J' . C1L'OII was Indeed sevet·e, all L!w r·irers in the country\\ ere completely ft·o ;r.e n, Lut fan fl'om being unexampl ed in the country ; in the bcginniog of 17P2, tl1e OJ ,io w:' · f~·ozen at Wheeling upwards of for·ly da_-s, io such watmer that loaded en·rtoges passed in perfcet safety from Z<~n ':; i ~ land to the mui 11 sh ore w hf' re the town now stands. The author· can perft!ctly rPmem !Jer having heard th . rreljuent remar·k, that the fJu a ntity of snow whit:h fell in t 1e 1 Her year, wa t!lC g1·eatest known since 1780 until that seas n. t The t·iverc: in west Pennsylva ui: Ftnd wrst Vit·~·i n in. sPldom cl o~ C' .:;o c~r!y . ~ th~ middle of Decembt'r; httl as far sc•uth as the Gr~ at Kunhawn tl f'Y 'll f', li\·t Wr~ter·s in six, compl 1ely f!'07.f'O. Tl:e de cicluon. treC'S arc (lenuded r lt·a ves b~f01·e the end of Octouer; sno\ is ft·cqnent in the latter montb, but t·A t'£ ly if t>ver farls to fall in Novembet. Hcm:arkab lt• Pxcept ions are fre<]Uf'nt. ' 1 cat pa rt of 1he monlh of Fehru ry, 179V, Wlts so very mild that sJtuw Jisa ppeured. :mtl f.Jeach buds begau to S\\ ell uhout tbe 20th of the uwn h: and n t th (it 1t <• • liarch of the srtrne yeat·. tl1(.' 1\i onon ~~f>h<>l a was froz. n (lVf'r at P ittsbnrg, ar tl tLe trees exhiiJilet.l very little foliage or inll ol'c::ceucc on t.Jc ~ th l\1R_v. |