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Show NEW MEXICO DURING THE CIVIL WAR 409 tures in the Apache Country, gives a graphic picture of affairs at this period. Nothing remained of Union rule until 1863, when it was reéstablished. A few American miners held on to their locations in the Cerbat and Hualapai mountains. In the Salt river valley there was a ranch or two; elsewhere, except at Tucson and Yuma, there was nothing of life to be found except a few natives, the Pimas and Papagoes, with the hostile Apaches at every turn. At last congress was forced by military necessity to turn its attention to this region — in which the Gila valley formed the only open roadway from the southwest to the Pacific. On the 24th of February, 1863, the organic act was passed.**> The people of New Mexico had favored the measure since 1858 when the territorial legislature passed resolutions in regard to it and recommended a north and south boundary line on the meridian 109 and also the removal of all New Mexican Indians to northern Arizona. In 1862, while John S. Watts was delegate in congress from New Mexico, he strongand packed their provisions on mules over the mountains to Fort Craig. There were four companies, numbering altogether, 450 men. They had heard of the Surrender of Fort Fillmore toward which they were marching, and this caused them to take a different route. At Fort Fillmore 500 federal troops of the regular army surrendered to about 250 renegade Texans, ragged, undisciplined, poorly armed and badly equipped. A scattering company of these roving bandits, under the command of the guerilla chief, Captain Hunter, numbering about 100, reached Tucson on the 27th of February, 1862, and took possession of the place. Most of the inhabitants had fled to Sonora for safety, or stood ready to join the rebels. Hunter and his party held possession of the Territory, advancing as far as the Pima villages, and even threatening Fort Yuma, till the advance of the California Column in May, when they retreated to the Rio Grande. The few citizens and traders, who remained loyal to the government, and the managers and workmen employed at the mines, being thus left at the mercy of lawless desperadoes, roving bands of Apaches and Sonoranians, fled from the country as fast as they could procure the means of escape. Many of them were imprisoned, and some were murdered. The hostile Indians, ignorant of our domestic disturbances, believed they had at length stampeded the entire white population. On the public highways they fell upon small parties and slaughtered them. It was their boast and is still their belief, that they had conquered the American nation.’’ ae 835 Colonel J. Francisco Chaves, then an officer of volunteers in New Mexico, was ordered to act as escort for the officials for the new territory of Arizona to such point as they might designate for the capital of the territory. The officers were John N. Goodwin, of Maine, governor; R. C. McCormick, of New York, secretary; William F. Turner, of Iowa, chief justice; William T. Howell, of Michigan, associate justice; Joseph A. Allyn, of Connecticut, associate Justice; Almon Gage, of New York, district attorney; Levi Bashford, of Wisronsin, surveyor-general; Milton P. Duffield, of California, marshal; and Charles D. Poston, of Kentucky, superintendent of Indian affairs. When the party reached the Navaj6é Springs they concluded they were in Arizona, and |