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Show 312 LEADING FACTS OF NEW MEXICAN HISTORY The United States was much the gainer by the terms of this treaty. The settlement of the boundary dispute was satisfactory; a route for a railroad to the Pacific was obtained and whether the United States ever intended to pay the claims for Indian depredations or not, still the international complications apt to arise were adjusted to the satisfaction of all concerned.228 The government of companied by several friends. Such was the state of the Mexican frontier in ‘*As the question has been repeatedly asked, what is to be done with the large tribes of Indians on the Mexican frontier? And as there is still a diversity of opinion on the subject, I shall take the present occasion to make a few suggestions, based upon what I have learned from personal observatio n, and my intercourse with the Indians. It is known that we already have along this frontier, but chiefly in the state of Texas and the territory of New Mexico, a large military force, embracing full two-thirds of the army, which is supported at an enormous expense. Military posts have been established at various points on the Rio Grande and in the very heart of the Indian country i Texas and in New Mexico. Yet two of the largest and most widely spread tribes, the Comanches and Apaches, are as actively hostile to the Americans and the Mexicans as they were before the country occupied by them became a part of the Union. At no period have the incursions frequent, or attended with greater atrocities, than at the present time. beenThe more Comanches pass across the Rio Grande into Mexico, in bands of three hundred or four hundred, and penetrate the very heart of Chihuahua ; they have passed into Durango and Zacatecas, and have traversed Coahuila and Nuevo Leon. The extent of the depredations and murders committed would be appalling, if summed up. Yet the system flourishes in full vigor, notwiths tanding the efforts made to ve press it on the part of the United States, in complianc e with the solemn stipu- lations of the treaty with Mexico.’’ 238 Congressional Globe, 1853, 1854, contains ; the Debates on the subject of this treaty. - General Santa Anna declared that he had never for a moment expected the United States would keep the agreement by paying for damages done by the Indians. In the United States the necessity for keeping this article of the treaty was fully understood and to secure its abrogation was recognize d as a2 immense gain, which indeed was true. Bancroft, H. H., History of Arizona and New Mexico, pp. 492-93: the treaty of 1848, the commissioners had agreed on latitude 32 rr as the southern boundary of New Mexico, but the United States surveyor ha not agreed to this line, had perhaps surveyed another in 31° 54’, and the New Mexicans claimed the Mesilla valley between the territory. The United States were, to some extent, two lines as part of thei bound by the acts of thelr commissioner; but Mexico, besides being wrong on the original propositio n, Ms not in condition to quarrel about so unimportant a matter. On the other hand, the northern republic could afford to pay for a railroad route through a countly said to be rich in mines; and Mexico, though national pride was strongly oP” posed to a sacrifice of territory, was sadly in need of money and sold a Bi that was practically of no value to her. In both countries there was mu bitter criticism of the measure, and a dispositio n to impute hidden motives " the Tespective administrations. ‘‘Tt is a remarkable circumstance that in Mexico, both by the supporters ane foes of the measure, it was treated as a cession of the Mesilla valley in settle TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO 313 the United States had acquired a great deal of very valuable information by explorations, surveys and reconnoissances 229 made by American army officers during the occupation period both prior and subsequent to the treaty of 1848, and this was greatly complem ented by the information gained in the work of the boundary survey.?*° ment of the boundary dispute, though that valley was, small and unimportant portion of the territory ceded.’’ in reality, but a very The Gadsden treaty was not ratified and published 1854, when commissioners were sent from both governments to establish until the boundary. An important road was opened in 1858, over which ran for two years Arizona’s first stage, the Butterfield overland line from Marshall, Texas, to San Diego, earry- ing the mails and passengers twice a week, until service was stopped by Indian depredations. In 1856 the U. 9. government took military possession of the Gadsden Purchase, and Forts Buchanan, Mohave, and Breckinridge tablished, Owing to the mining operations, the population increased ably from 1855 to 1860 and Tucson and Tubac prospered somewhat. latter town the first newspaper in Arizona was published, from 1858 to Weekly Arizonian. Congress added southern Arizona or the Gadsden to New Mexico, in which country the territory north of the Gila was were esconsiderAt the 1860, the Purchase included. The territory of New Mexico, on January 18, 1855, attached the Gadsden Pur- chase to Dofia Ana county, but it was felt that Arizona should be a distinct terTitory, and many efforts were made to obtain from congress a territorial government. A constitutional convention was held by the people of Arizona, and officers for the Proposed territory were elected and laws were adopted. N othing “ame from this attempt the territory, and although New Mexico Was in favor of a division, to it organize was only on February 24, 1863, that Arizona was admitted as a territory of the United States. The name ‘¢ Arizona,’? @o:it is claimed, comes from the former Papago locality of ‘‘Arizonac’’ or ‘‘AriZonaca,’? probably meaning ‘‘place of small springs,’’ a few miles from the 1736 Tran oes where some celebrated nuggets of silver were discovered in “8° Notes of a Military Reconnoissance, etc., W. H. Emory, Wash., 1848, with Plates, scientific appendix, and tables; also Abert’s notes of the journey as ar a8 Bent’s Fort, and a brief note by Colonel P. St. George Cooke. senernal of Captain Abraham R. Johnston, Hx. Doc. No. 41, 30th cong., 1st fon ia, lonel Cooke described the march to Santa Fé and the later one to Cali- Lieutenant J. W. Abert of his examination of New Mexico in the years 1846-18 47. Genera] Kearn Y gave instructions for a survey of the country. This was made by Abert and Peck. sn 1849, Lieutenant J. H. Simpson made an exploring tour from Ft. Smith, kansas, westward to Santa Fé, and Captain Marcy, coming from Ft. Smith Report es of same route, went down the river to the Mesilla valley. Q Anat Simpson’s record of the expedition to the Navajé country inter agg Chelly under Colonel J. M. Washington, is one of the Dering us. 2nd valuable of all the records of explorations made during Doe. - No, N His found in U. 8. Govt. Doc., 31st cong., 1st sess., Sen. 64, Teport with a ismap. and most that Ex. Se “a a °xplorations U. S. Govt. Doc., 31st cong., 1st sess., Doe, 12, H. of ExthisDoe.time45, seewithalsomaps. a hited States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Report of William H. |