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Show Figure 13. U.S. Minority Population Share. Increase in Diversity: 1990-2000 U.S.; this has facilitated the most recent major immigration wave. Relative economic opportunity acts as a magnet to immigration. The LDS Church has greatly affected migration to Utah. The rapid initial population growth of non-native people to Utah was a well-organized migration by the Mormon Church. The proselytizing efforts of the church brought diverse populations to the state. Utah will become more diverse over time. Certainly Utah will continue to be less diverse than the nation in the foreseeable future. However, the forces encouraging immigration to this country will continue to attract diverse populations, particularly Hispanics. In the end, the relative strength of the economy in combination with the growth of the labor force will create a "push"' or "pull" for migration in Utah and the U.S. As more family and community networks are built, these bridges will facilitate additional migration. Further, the retirement of the Baby Boomers will create a labor shortage and this will increase pressure for more international immigration, therefore increasing diversity. The speed of this process will also depend upon the political climate of the country and immigration policies and enforcement practices. Race/ethnicity, immigration status, culture, and economic circumstance exert enormous influence on health status and health outcomes. Given the increasing diversity of the state, further research in these areas specifically focused on Utah would contribute to more appropriate and effective healthcare policy design and implementation. ENDNOTES 1. A person is considered "foreign born" if they are residents but were not U.S. citizens at birth. In contrast, "natives" are either born in the United States (or a U.S. Island Area) or were born outside the U.S. with at least one parent who is a citizen of the U.S. 2. Immigration is still, however, limited in total number. 3. An undocumented (also called illegal or unauthorized) immigrant is a person who entered the U.S. without legal authorization to live or work in the U.S. REFERENCES Barnes, J.S. and Bennett, C.E. (2002). The Asian Population: 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Coleman, R.G. (1994). "African Americans in Utah," Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2-5. Coleman, R.G. (1980). A history of Blacks in Utah: 1825- 1910. Salt Lake City: University of Utah. Conley, D.C. (1994). "The Chinese in Utah," Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 85-86. Cuch, F.S., editor. (2000). A history of Utah's American Indians. Salt Lake City: Utah State Division of Indian Affairs / Utah State Division of History. Edison, C. (1994). "South Sea Islanders in Utah," Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 516-518. Edison, C. (1994). "Southeast Asians in Utah," Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 519-521. Gibson, C.J.& Lennon, E. (1999). Historical census statistics on the foreign-born population of the United States: 1850-1900. Retrieved September 26, 2001 from www. census. go v. Gibson, C. J. & Jung, K. (2002). Historical census statistics on population totals by race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, regions, divisions, and states. Retrieved March 13, 2003 from w:v.;w.cen.sus.goy. Gonzalez, W.H. and Rivera, Orlando. (1994). "Hispanics of Utah," Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 255-257. Grieco, E.M. and Cassidy, R.C. (2001). Overview of race and Hispanic origin: 2000. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. C2KBR/01-1. Grieco, E.M. (2001). The White Population: 2000. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. C2KBR/01-4. Guzman, B. (2001). The Hispanic Population: 2000. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, c2kbr01-3. Hudman, J. (2000). Immigrants' heath care: Coverage and access. The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Iber, J. (2000). Hispanics in the Mormon Zion, 1912-1999. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. Immigration and Naturalization Service. (2002). 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). (2003). Estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population residing in the United States: 1990-2000. Retrieved February 2003 from wwvy.jmrmgratiou.gov. IQ Solutions, Inc. (2001). National standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate services in health care. Washington, D.C: Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Jensen, R.K. (1994). "Immigration to Utah"Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 270-273. Jensen, R.K. (1994). "Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company," Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 419-420. Lillie-Blanton, M. & Hudman, J. (2001). "Untangling the Web: Race/Ethnicity, Immigration, and the Nation's Health" American Journal of Public Health, 91: 1736-1738. McKinnon, J. (2001). The Black Population: 2000. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. C2KBR/01-5. Orrenius, P.M. (2001). "Illegal Immigration and Enforcement Along the U.S.-Mexico Border: An Overview," Economic and Financial Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, First Quarter 2001, 2-11. 34 Utah's Health: An Annual Review Volume LX |
