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Show 334 atives. When assuming the termination of the plural, many nouns insert a new v o w e l or alter the vowel of the last syllable into a diphthong or another vowel, thus p r o ducing a change similar to the Umlaut in German, and to the irregular English p l u r a ls in goose, geese; louse, lice; man, men; cow, kine. We subjoin some instances of E a u - vuya plurals: turtle ayil ayilum fly a- avat ava- atum bird vigitmol vigitmoilum many niete- uet mete- etchim hare ta'vut tavutim boy tiat tigitum fish ki- ul kiulSm Adjectives assume the plural form as well as substantives do, even when used, as predicates or connected with a noun. Derivatives are formed from roots or stems by the addition of the following t e r m i nations : - at, - it, - o t : sogat, deer; alvat, crow; Eany it, egg ; vuyit, grasshopper; uminot, meat. - uet ( in Gaitchin, - u t : ) pokauet, snake, lizard; isuet, wolf. - i l : auvil, blood; ingil, salt; nfetchil, woman; manyil, moon. - mol: nauishmol, girl; tapa- amol, cup; nakh£ nmol, old. - ish: kauvish, rock, stone. - liu: ne gi, my house; ne giliu, my friend. In Kauvuya, the numerals strictly follow the quinary counting- system, which t h ey do not in the cognate idioms of the Serranos and Gaitchins. The terms for parts of the human frame and for consanguinity always prefix t he possessive " mine," whose form is determined by the quality of the initial syllable of the following noun, thus appearing under the variable shapes of n' -, na, ne, ni, no, nn. The interrogative pronoun and particle is mi-, as appears from the subjoined list of pronouns and adverbs, to which mi- is prefixed: mi, what? hakhe, who? mi keats, how manyt mi p£- akh, wft « n f mi v& kh, wheref mi ikhone, why t mi vakba, wherefrom f whence? mi vikin, whereto 1 mi y£ khon, howf From Loew's Kauvuya sentences, I add a few scraps, to the purpose of showing t he mode of conjugating verbs: te, to see ; men teokve, I see ; pin took val, I have seen you ; pe teokval, you have seen ; te*- e, look here ! gopka, to sleep ; hen gopka, I shall sleep ; hen gopkale, ne gopkalet, I have slept; kilia hen gopkale, / have not slept. - al forms verbal adjectives nearly equivalent to our participles in - ing; pin ni ankal mukha- a, I have rheumatism ; literally : " this I having sickness ". pe, pen, pin is prefixed to all transitive or active verbs, and seems to point out a relation of the subject to the outside world; hen is prefixed to all intransitive and reflective verbs, and shows a relation of the verb to its subject only, as we observe also in the Greek medium and many Latin deponentia j hen may therefore properly be interpreted by himself, herself, oneself. Verbs also assume the plural endings of the nouns: nitchika, I go; nitchi- im, we go. Of the Kauvuya dialect, Mr. Loew has transmitted a considerable amount of words and sentences. In taking his notes, he closely followed, in this dialect, as well as in all the others, the graphic method recommended by Turner and Hale, who by their scientific studies were prompted to adopt the Italian pronunciation for most of the letters representing the sounds of their phonetic systems. TAKHTAM. This is the general name by which the Indians inhabiting the hills around San Bernardino, Cal., call themselves, and it may be properly used to designate their dialect also. Takhtam simply means men, being the plural form of takht, man. This word occurs in many Shoshonee languages, and sometimes not only signifies man, but also young man. The Spanish- speaking population calls the Takhtam Serranos or Mountaineers, a term frequently used in Mexico to distinguish also dialects of the hill regions from cognate ones of the adjacent plains, and derived from sierra, mountain- range. The Takhtam dialect seems to differ from Kauvuya more in the dictionary than in the grammatical forms. It has the same vowels and does not nasalize them, but as for consonants it differs from it in the following peculiarities: R occurs in Takhtam as well as in Gaitchin, but less frequently; / only in vti- ung-aiftch, rain, which could be rendered just as well by vti- ungaivtch. I find d only in hamd, grass, as a terminal sound, and n is only found when commencing words. Their sh is pronounced down in the throat; the deep guttural kh also occurs here. We find |