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Show 175 TiffueXj Cunames, and Cicnye, They call themselves Tse- mo- c' or Si- tsi- me*; the pueblo of Lagnna, however, uses the name Kan- ay- ko to signify the inhabitants of their town, ( Ko- st6t6,) while the pueblo of A coma is. called A- ko. I may mention here that there are two parties in this town ( Laguna.) the Ka- paits, who cling to their old rites and ceremonies, and the Kayo- masho, who have progressive, liberal, Protestant ideas They are antagonistic to each other, and would once have come together in battle had not Mr. Marmon interfered at the right moment. The four other pueblos all belong to the Ka- paits. Tiguet was a province in the valley of fhe Rio Pnerco, northeast of the former, and was twice used by Coronado's army ( 1540- 1542) as winter- quarters. At present, no pueblo exists in this region; ruins only- Poblazon for instance- are seen here and there. Castaueda reports twelve cities in this province, and that it was rich, and fertile, and full of fine grass. At present, the valley of the Rio Puerco looks poor and barren. Tekua, or Tegua, is a province which, if the Spanish reports are correct, must have been situated in the Rio Graude Valley, about eighty miles south of the present seat of this tribe. A Tehna town, Puara, is often mentioned, b^ utof which nothing is known a t the preseut day; some old ruins near San Felipe might be related to it. There are still seven villages belonging to this tribe, six iu the Rio Grande Valley and its vicinity, and one upon the Moqni mesas in Arizona. How this emigration was brought about was explained to me by Hosti, the former governador ( maire) of Jemez. These Tehuas had inhabited San Cristobal in the viciuity of the Placer Mountains, but were driven oft' by Mexicans some hundred years ago, whereupon they, the Tehuas, were invited by the Moqnis to live with them. Three miles above the Tehna town Tesuque is a town bnried 3 feet below the present surface of the ri ver- bauk. This stream, usually but a small rill, was once, several years ago, increased to a tremendous torrent by a cloud- burst, whereby much of the former river- hank wns carried off, and exposed a number of buried houses in the vertical wall of about 20 feet in height. The houses were of two stories, built of adobes, of double the thickness used nowadays. The fireplaces were easily recognized. All the wood found was charred, and it would appear as though the houses first burned before they were gradually covered with sand. It may be that a neighboring hill had fallen iu and thus covered the houses. In the vicinity, about two miles northeast . of there, I discovered a mass of charcoal 6 feet below the ground, iu a narrow gorge. Quivira.- This province occupies the territory adjacent to the Manzana Mountains. Here we find the ruins of Abo, Quivira, Qnarro; also several Mexican towns, which, according to the Spanish writings, were probably once pueblos, ( Manzana, Chichiti, Tor-eon.) At Quivira also are seen the ruins of the former Jesuit mission aud of former habitations of Spanish miners. When Coronado visited this province, it was, as he described it, very fertile; at present it resembles a desert. Cebola.- This province embraces the Znfii towns, of which seven once existed; at present there are four in ruins. These rnins were visited by you in lS7tt. Tusayan embraces the six Moqui towns in Eastern Arizona. > lo ruins of towns are ween here. Aztlan.- This province embraces a portion of Northwestern New Mexico, the valley of the Rio San Jnan aud its tributaries. No pueblos exist there at the present day, but ruins of former fortified towns are quite numerous. The discoverer of the ruins in the Canon de Chaco is Lientenaut Simpson, who made a reconnaissance in 1849, while we are indebted to Lieutenants Whipple and Rogers Bimie, both of your expedition, for the discovery of a number of interesting ruins on the Rio Mancos, Rio de las Animas, Rio San Juan, Canon Largo, and Canon del Governador. Some of the fortified structures had as many as five hundred rooms. Over the surrounding plain, Holitary ronnd buildings were profusely scattered. Lieutenant Whipple describes one of these ruins as being fifteen miles distant from any water: the climate, then, appears to have changed and become drier. Among the pueblos of New Mexico there exists a tradition in regard to these ruins. Hosti, a very kind, intelligent old Indian, denies that these ruins were the result of Spanish wars, remarking that, the rain falling less and less, these people emigrated to the southward long before the Spaniards arrived in the country, being led by Montezuma, a powerful man, who was born in Pecos, and had settled with the Pueblos on the Rio San Juan. Montezuma was to return and lead the rest of the Pueblos also to the south, but he failed to come back. The Pueblos had been oi'dered by him to keep the eternal fire alive until his return, but generation after generation had looked for him in vain. At present, however, the tire in their esttifaa is by no means au eternal one, being kindled only ascertain limes. This whole tradition accords well with another held by Aztecs in'Old Mexico when Cortez entered the country of Anahuac, namely, that their forefathers came ( most probably at the end of the twelfth century) from the north, and their description answers very well for Northwestern New Mexico. Alexander von Humboldt, without any knowledge of the existence of ruins, supposed that tne Aztecs come from the same part of North America. This explorer maintains also that some ruins ou the Gila River, the so- called " Casns Graudes," ( aud probably also " Pueblo Viejo,") are remnants |
