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Show 184 To derive any phonetic laws from these and other words for the three dialects would be premature as yet. The vocabulary of the Tesuque Indians, collected by David V. Whiting, will be found in Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, vol. iii, p. 446. From a few sentences transmitted by Dr. Loew, we can safely deduce the following grammatical rules for the Tehua idiom : The verb is not inflected. The particle indicating the past tense is - n - ; the futnre tense, k a . . . ta'k'- * . . ta. The personal pronoun is generally placed after the verb; / hear, is not na oto, but oio na- u hear J." The negative particle used in sentences is ve . . . be, v? . . . . be. A personal prououu can be substituted for the substantive verb to be, or else the position of the words can supply it. Adjectives, even when used as predicates, and numerals, generally precede their substantives. There is one set of demonstrative prououns for animals and another for inanimate objects; but the existence of distinct cases and numbers is doubtful. Every Tehua dialect has words of its own: but in numerals aud personal pronouns all of them agree pretty well. A distant relationship with the Wichita can be observed in live words; with Central America in tata, father, ( tat iu Guich< 5; trfta in Palin ;) with Que* res in woman, bird, and bear. But there are many important affinities with Zufii^ Moqui, Kiowa, and the languages spoken in the southern part of California. Tehua agrees with Apache and it* kindred idiom, the NaVajo, in many important terms, as fire, water, bow, bird, wing, salt, nose, but disagrees entirely in the personal pronouns and numerals. Of all these relationships, the one with Kiowa is the most conclusive, and we are forced to admit that at one time both nations must have lived in close contiguity and prolonged intercourse. The name •' Kiowa" seems to be derived from the Tehua kii- i, far distant, ( khu- an- ay in Isleta,) thus designating their roving bauds as coming from afar; the name of the Tehuas ( or Tegnas) from a word of their, own language, ( t< 5hna, house: tu in Kiowa.) TAOS. Attentive readers of the Taos vocabulary will perceive at the iirst glance its numerous affinities with Tehua, Jemez, and especially with Isleta, and the many important words in Avbich it differs from them may, nevertheless, belong to a common stock of Pueblo roots, of which our knowledge is yet so restricted. The Picuris are said to differ somewhat in their dialect from Taos, and to have adopted many expressions from their neighbors, the Jicarilla Apaches. In Taos, r and kh are scarce ; tch and ts numerous; / often occurs, and alternates with p and h in Tehua words. Verbs often terminate in - a, which is probably a suffixed personal pronoun. Most terms for animals aud plants, also water, ice, ( and salt, en ye,) terminate in the acceutless endings - an, - awe. ana, - nen. For the ending - it see Isleta. With the Acoma dialect of Qiieresand Taos there is more affinity than between Aeo-nia and the much nearer Isleta. With the Apache dialects and that of the Ton to Apaches, who call themselves Gohuns, and belong to the Yuma stock, I found the following terms resembling each other : tchum (- o- vay< S), heart; Ap: itchil ( Whipple : tchu- li.) kana, moon ; Ap : Kli- una- ai; Gohun : k'- la. tsnden, dog: Ap: ( li-) tchane; Gohun: ts- ta; Aztec: tchitchi. tchnli, yellow: Ap: tlitsu; Niiv: sitsu. With the Caddo, ( Texas,) I finda fortuitous coincidence in the word ynyejif, to march : C: yoytf; and the three affinities occurring in Otomi ( Central Mexico) are perhaps just rtuitous: kana, moen; Ot: tsar. a. ( ba-) tchista, star; Ot: tstse. kiahea, leg; Ot: Khinte". Taos approaches to Zuiii in the following terms : Sapana, beard; Z : siponive ; Kiowa: senpo. puiyu, friend; Z: Kiiayi. tuvan, evening; Z: tevani. ilap, feathers; Z: lave, feather. ho- ena*, no; Z: hol6; Kiowa, hoani. With Kiowa many more affinities are traceable, but they are not of so important a character as those observed in Tehua. A few of them are: papantf, elder brother; K: pftp'ie. bihio, three ; K: pito, ( Moqui pahio; Kizh and Netcla: pah6, pai.) etuha, to speak; K: emttimki. QUARKS. There is so little variation between the dialects of this Pueblo language that they can fairly be considered as one and the same tongue. It stands for itself, and shows very few and no conclusive affinities with other families. Eveu in their tall stature, the Que" res differ conspicuously from their smaller neighbors. Quotes abounds in sibilants, gutturals, and spirants (/ i) i but lacks 6, <?,/, and I. r is |
