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Show 20 ISLAND LIFE. (PAR'r I. PantJs lugub?"t·s , alh·e d to the mars h tI' t, I· s confined to South.- east Europe and Asi·a Mm· or f rom H unga ry and South Russia to Palestine ; and Parus ci~ctttJS, another allied form, is confined to the extreme north in Lapland, Finland, andyerhaps Northe:n Russia and Siberia. Another beautiful little bird, the crested titmouse (Parus cristatttJS) is sometimes placed in a separate genus. It inhabits nearly all Central and South Eur~pe, wherever there are pine forests, from 64° N. latitude to Au~tn~ and N ortl~ Italy, and in the west to Spain and Gibraltar, while 1n the east 1t does not pass the Urals and the Caucasus range. Its nearest allies are in the high Himalayas. · - These are all the European tits, but there are many others inhabiting Asia, Africa, and North America; so that the genus Parus has a very wide range, in Asia to Cey Ion and ~he Malay Islands, in .Africa to the Cape, and in North Amerwa to the highlands of Mexico. The distribution of the Species of Jays. -Owing to the very wide ranO'e of several of the tits, the uncertainty of the specific 0 distinction of others, and the difficulty· in many cases of ascer-taininO' their actual distribution, it has not been found practicabl: to illustrate this genus by means of a map. For this purpose we have chosen the genus Garrulus or the jays, in which the species are less numerous, the specific areas· less extensive, and the species generally better defined; while being large and handsome birds they are sure to have been collected, or at least noticed, ~herever they occur. There are, so far as yet known, twelve species of true jays, occupying an area extending from Western Europe to Eastern Asia and Japan, and now here passing the Arctic circle to the north, or the tropic of Cancer to the south, so that they constitute one of the most typical of tho Palrearctic 1 genera. The following are the species, beginning with the most westerly and proceeding towards the east. The numbers prefixed to each species correspond to those . on the coloured map which forms the frontispiece to this volume. 1. Garrulus glandarius.- The common jay, inhabits the 1 The Po.lrearctic region includes temperate Asia and Europe, as will bo explained in the next chapter. cnAr. n.] THE ELEMENTARY FACTS OF DISTRIBUTION. 21 British Isles and all Europe except the extreme north, extending also into ~ orth Africa, where it has been observed in many parts of Algena. It occurs near Constantinople, but apparently not in Asia Minor, and in Russia, up to, but not beyond, the Urals. The jays being woodland birds are not found in open plains or barren uplands, and their distribution is hence by no means uniform within the area they actually occupy. 2. Garrulus cervicalis.-The Algerian jay, is a very distinct species inhabiting a limited area in North Africa, and found in some places along with the common species. 3. Garrulus kryniclci.-The black-headed jay, is closely allied to the common species, but quite distinct, inhabiting a comparatively small area in South-eastern Europe, and vV estern .Asia. 4. Garr1tlus atricapillus.-The Syrian jay, is very closely allied to the last, and inhabits an adjoining area in Syria, Palestine, and Southern Persia. 5. Garrulus hyrcanus.-The Persian jay, is a small species allied to our jay and only known from the Elburz Mountains in the north of Persia. 6. Garrulus brandti.-Brandt's jay, is a very distinct species, having an extensive range across Asia from the Ural Mountains to North China, Mandchuria, and the northern island of Japan, and also crossing the Urals into Russia where it has been found as far west as Kazan in districts where the common jay also occurs. 7. Garrulus lanceolat1ts.-The black-throated jay, is a very distinct form known only from the N orth~western Himalayas and Nepal, common about Simla, and extending into Cashmere beyond the range of the next species. 8. Garrulus bispecularis.-The Himalayan jay is also very distinct, having the head coloured like the back, and not striped as in all the western species. It inhabits the Himalayas east of Cashmere, but is more abundant in the western than the eastern division, though according to the .Abbe David it reaches Moupin in East Thibet. D. Garrulus sinensis.-The Chinese jay, is very closely allied to the Himalayan, of which . it is sometimes classed as a |