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Show 5 th 1‘ TH philosoph PRINCIPLE of scientifi O SCIENTIFI managemen MANAGEMEN place thei solutio i the hands of the management The workman's whole time is eac day taken in actually doing the work with his hands, so that, eve if he had the necessary education and habits of generalizing in hi thought, he lacks the time and the opportunity for developing thes laws, because the study of even a simple law involving, say, tim study, requires the cooperation of two men, the one doing the wor while the other times him with a stop-watch. And even if the workman were to develop laws where before existed only rule-of-thum knowledge, his personal interest would lead him almost inevitabl to keep his discoveries secret, so that he could by means of thi special knowledge personally do more work than other men an so obtain higher wages Under scientific management, on the other hand, it becomes th duty and also the pleasure of those who are engaged in the management not only to develop laws to replace rule of thumb, but als to teach impartially all of the workmen who are under them th quickest ways of working The useful results obtained from thes laws are always so great that any company can well afford to pa for the time and the experiments needed to develop them Thu under scientific management exact scientific knowledge and method are everywhere, sooner or later, sure to replace rule of thumb whereas under the old type of management working in accordanc with scientific laws is an impossibility The development of the art or science of cutting metals is an ap illustration of this fact In the fall of 1880, about the time that the writer started to make the experiments above referred to, t determine what constitutes a proper day's work for a laborer, h also obtained the permission of Mr. William Sellers, the Presiden of the Midvale Steel Company, to make a series of experiments t determine what angles and shapes of tools were the best for cuttin steel, and also to try to determine the proper cutting speed for steel At the time that these experiments were started it was his belie that they would not last longer than six months, énd, in fact, 'i it had been known that a longer period than this would be required the permission to spend a considerable sum of money in makin them would not have been forthcoming A 66-inch diameter vertical boring-mill was the first machin used in making these experiments, and large locomotive tires, mad out of hard steel of uniform quality, were day after day cut up int chips in gradually learning how to make, shape, and use the cuttin tools so that they would do faster work At the end of six month |