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Show TH 5 PRINCIPLE O SCIENTIFI MANAGEMEN another, pieces of work were finished in the lathe, correspondin to the work which had been done in our preliminary trials, and th gain in time made through running the machine according to scientifi principles ranged from two and one-half times the speed in th slowest instance to nine times the speed in the highest The change from rule-of-thumb managemen to modern scientifi - management involves, however, not only a study of what is the prope speed for doing the work and a remodeling of the tools and the implements in the shop, but also a complete change in the mental attitud of all the men in the shop toward their work and toward their em ployers r Th physica improvement i th machine necessar to insure large gains, and the motion study followed by minut study with a stop-watch of the time in which each workman shoul do his work, can be made comparatively quickly But the chang in the mental attitude and in the habits of the three hundred o more workmen can be brought about only slowly and through long series of object lessons, which finally demonstrate to each ma the great advantage which he will gain by heartily cooperating i his every-day work with the men in the management Withi three years, however, in this shop, the output had been more tha double per ma and per machine The me had bee carefull selected and in almost all cases promoted from a lower to a highe order of work, and so instructed by their teachers (the functiona foremen) that they were able to earn higher wages than ever before The average increase in the daily earnings of each man was abou 35 per cent., while, at the same time, the sum total of the wage paid for doing a given amount of work was lower than before Thi increase in the speed of doing the work, of course, involved a substitution of the .quickest hand methods for the old independent rule-ofthumb methods, and an elaborate analysis of the hand work don by each man (By hand work is meant such work as depends upo the manual dexterity and speed of a workman, and which is inde pendent of the wor done by the machine. The time saved b scientific hand work was in many cases greater even than that save in machine-work It seems important fully to explain the reason why, with the ai of a slide-rule, and after having studied the art of cutting metals it was possible for the scientifically equipped man, who had neve before seen these particular jobs, and who had never worked on thi machine, to do work from two and one-half to nine times as fas as it had been done before by a good mechanic who had spent hi whole time for some ten to twelve years in doing this very wor |