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Show 58 SEXUAL SELECTION : BIRDS. PAnT n. deep hollow tones. 'iVith his neck-feathers or ct, his wings lowered and buzzing on the ground, ancl his long pointed tail spread out like a fan, he displays a variety of grotosque attitudes. 'l'bo oosophagus of tho female is not in any way rcmarkablc.42 It seems now well made out that the great throat-pouch of tho European male bustard (Otis tarda), and of at least four other species, does not servo, as \vas formerly supposed, to hold water, but is connected with the 11tterance during the breeding-season of a peculiar sound resembling "ock." Tho bird whilst uttering this sonnt1 throws himself into the most extraor<linary attitudes. It is a singular fact that with the males of tho same species the sack is not developed in aH the individuals. 43 A CfO\Y-like bird inhabiting South America ( Cephalopterus ornatus, fig. 40) is called the umbrellabird, from Hs immense top-knot, formed of bare white qui11l:l surmounted by dark-blue plumes, which it can elevate into a great dome no less than five inches ia diameter, covering tho whole head. This bird bas on its neck a long, thin, cylindri ·al, fleshy appendage, which is thickly clothed with scale-like blue feathers. It probably serves in part as an ornament, but likewise a a. resounding apparatus, for Mr. Bates found that it is connected "with an lmusual developmeat of the trachea "and vocal organs." It is dilated when the bird utters its singularly deep, loud, allCl long-sustained fluty note. 42 Richardson, 'Fauna Dor. Americana: Dircls,' 1831, p. 359. Audubon, ibid. vol. iv. p. 507. ·Ia 'l'he following papers have been ln.tely written on this subject :Prof. A. Newton, in the 'Ibis,' 18G2, p. 107; Dr. Cullen, ibid. 18G5, p. 145; 1\ir. Flower, in 'Proc. Zoo!. Soc.' 1865, p. 747; and Dr. 1\iurie, jn 'Proc. Zool. Soc.' JSGS, p. 471. In 1his lnttor pnper an excellent figure is given of the mnle Austrnliun Bustaru in full display wit!J thcsnek distended. CrrAr. XIII. VOCAL MUSIC. 59 Tho head-crest ancI nee j .:-appen d age are rudimentary in the female.H . ~rhe vocal organs of various web-footed and wadin bu·ds ar:e extraordinarily complex, and differ to a certai~ extent m the two sexes. In some cases the trachea is |