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Show 260' SEXUAL SELECTION: MAJ'.ll\:IALS. PART II. ·with quadrupeds, when, as is often the case, the sexes differ in size, tho males arc, I believe, always larger and stronger. This holds good in a marked manner, as I am informed by Mr. Gould, with the marsupials of AustraHa, the males of which appear to continuo growing until an unusually late age. But the most extraordinary case is that of one of the seals (Oallo'thinus u1·sinus), a full-grown female weighing less than onc-jxth of a full-grown ma1e.32 The greater strength of the male is invariably disp1ayed 1 as Hunter lon()' a()'o remarked,33 in those parts of the b 0 • . l body which are brought into action in £ghtmg Wlt 1 rival males,-for instance, in tho massive neck of the bull. 1\f:ale quadrupeds arc also more courageous ancl pugnacious than tho females. There can be little doubt that these charaeters have been gained, partly through sexual selection, owing to a long series of vic· tories by the stronger and more courageous males over tho wcn.ker, and partly through the inherited effects of use. It is probable that tho successive variations in strength, size, and courage, whether clue to so-called spontaneous variabi1ity or to the effects of use, by the accumulation of which male quadrupeds have acquired these characteristic qualities, occurred rather late in life, and were conseqnently to a large extent limitccl in their transmission to the same sex. Under this point of view I was anxious to obtain information in regard to the Scotch deer-hound, the sexes of which differ more in size than those of any other breed (though blood-hounds differ considerably), or than in any wild canine species known to me. 32 See tho very interesting paper by 1\Ir. J. A. Allen in 'Bull. l\h1s. Comp. Zoolog. of Cambridge; United States,' val. ii. No.1, p. 82. 'l'hc wC'i:.:Itts were ascertained by a <'arcful obscncr, Capt. Bryant. aa 'Animal Eco:10my, p. -15. •CIIAP. XVIL GREATER SIZE OF THE 1\IALE. 261 Accordingly, I applied to 1\fr. Cupples, a well-known breeder o~ these clogs, who has weighed and measured many of lns own dogs, and who, with great kindness, has ·colloe~ed for me tho following facts from various sources. Supenor male dogs, measured at the shoulder ranO'e from twent~-eight in~hes, which is low, to thirt;-thr~o, .o~· eve~ thHty-four m~hes. in height; and in weight · f10m mghty pounds, wh10h IS low, to 120, or even more l)ounds. Tho females range in height from twentythree~ to t';enty-sevon, or even to twenty-eight inches; and m w01ght from fifty to seventy, or even eighty pound~.34 Mr. Cupples concludes that from ninety-five t.o one hundred pounds for tho male, and seventy for the fo~ale, would be a safe average; but there is reason to ~ebevo that formerly both sexes attained a greater wmg~t. l\lr. Cupples has weighed puppies when a fortmght ol(l; in one litter the average weight of four males exceeded that of two females by six and a half ·ounces; in another litter the average weight of four males exceeded that of one female by less than one ounce; the same males, when three weeks old, oxceodod t~e !emale by seyen and a half ounces, and at the age of s1x weeks by nearly fourteen ounces. Mr. \Vriaht ~f Yelclorsley House, in a letter to Mr. Cupples, sa;s: :, I have tak~n notes on the sizes and weightR of puppies "of many !1tters, and as .far as my experience goes, '· ~og-pupp1es. as a rule drffer very little from bitches till they arnve at about five or six months old· and " then the clogs begin to increase, gainiiJg upo~ the H ~ec also. Richardson's '1\Ianual on tho Dog,' p. 50. Much vnluaLlo mformntwn on the Scottish deer-hound is given by Mr M N ·11 who first culled attention to the inequality in size between the. sec 01 · ' :::; ~ ·r opo ' s ' A r t of D ecr S talkm. g.' I hope that Mr. Cupples will kxcecs , mto httl mtcntion of publishing a full account and history of this £n 1npo breed. " us |