Utah Historical Quarterly Volume XXX

Reviews and recent publications - 3

REVIEWS AMD RECENT PUBLICATIONS Mormonism, Americanism, and Politics. By RICHARD VETTERLI. (Salt Lake City: Ensign Publishing Company, 1961. xviii + 735 + xliv pp. $7.95) This work is an account of and discourse on a Mormon attitude toward the Constitution of the United States and of the political rela­tions of the people and governments of the United States and the Mor­mon Church, with major emphasis on the Joseph Smith period and territorial Utah. Persons unacquainted with Bancroft, Whitney, and Roberts will find much that is new to them, but those who know these standard histories as well as the monographic literature on the subject will find little that is new and much that is in error and much that should have been said that is missing. It is a compendium of many of the nicest things that have been said about the Mormons, by themselves and others. The burden of Mr. Vetterli's message is that Mormons are loyal Americans and always have been, that "Americanism, Constitu­tionalism, and Mormonism are . . . divinely inspired, epoch-making, direct dispensations from the hand of an all-seeing God for the tem­poral and spiritual salvation of a world in chaos" (p. 9). He would in­clude the Constitution with Mormon scripture (see Index, "Constitu­tion"), a tribute to the Prophet Joseph Smith's defense of the Constitu­tion. "Today the political legacy of Joseph Smith has reflected itself in the policies of . . . Ezra Taft Benson'' the writer repeats (see Index, REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 273 "Benson, Ezra Taft"). The work is a preachment against socialism, communism, and the excesses of democracy. The book is the published version of Mr. Vetterli's Master's thesis in political science, University of California at Los Angeles, 1961, titled "The Twin Relics of Barbarism." Thesis Chapters 1 and 2 are here com­bined into Chapter 1; the book adds a last chapter "The Constitution by a Thread," and significant editorial changes, additions, and deletions have been made. The thesis itself, narrowly escaping the use of the principles of historical research, is characterized by obvious bias, nu­merous errors of fact, and inadequate and incorrect interpretations of historical movements. Straddling the fields of history and political science, it fails to be guided by the scholastic discipline of either. There is little evidence to show that the author intended any systematic, im­partial examination of groups of primary source material with the view to finding and reporting the truth found there. The primary sources cited, almost entirely, are those found in secondary works. Even in the use of these materials Mr. Vetterli lacks discrimination and fails to make use of the results of recent scholarship. It is my belief that he sought and found and reported only those statements which fitted his view of the subject; that he was incapable of seeing another view though it be contained (perhaps as the major theme) in the very book, or article, or sermon he used for his special purposes. The thesis ap­pendixes were cribbed, complete with notes, from the Master's thesis of Richard D. Poll, "The Twin Relic: A Study of Mormon Polygamy and the Campaign by the Government of the United States for its Abolition, 1852-1890." Others besides Dr. Poll will be offended for the lack of recognition or proper use of their studies. A greater fault in the book compounds weaknesses of the author's thesis. Editorial changes, taken with the last chapter (definitely in­ferior in substance and style to the rest of the work), indicate that the thesis is now used for the political purposes of ultra-conservatives. A line-by-line, paragraph-by-paragraph comparison of the thesis and the book reveals that significant changes have been made to support that view. While the thesis itself amounts to a discourse in favor of "Con­stitutionalism" and "Americanism" - terms never defined or sys­tematically considered - editorial changes now plead the special cause of patriotism and conservatism. In so doing, thesis findings are in many cases directly reversed, and for offensive passages have been substituted generalities, half-truth, and propaganda - and without changing the 274 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY footnote citations! It is difficult for me to believe that Mr. Vetterli is responsible for all of these changes. The following illustrate the types of changes made: "conservative" must always be used in the finest sense; "equality" should not be in­cluded among the ideals of Mormon Utopianism; "liberty" is better changed to "dissent"; minimize Mormon communitarian, socialistic, and co-operative experiences of the last century; minimize any associa­tion of Mormonism with frontier liberalism; do not mention the word "secret" in connection with Joseph Smith. We must not show Joseph Smith as trying in his 1844 presidential campaign to win die support of various sections by appealing to their special interests ("appease the North by the annexation of Oregon," thesis, p. 281); no, rather "The great men of that age balked at appeasement, believing it far better to risk war than to endanger the integrity of the United States" (book, p. 255). And Mr. Vetterli also cites Joseph Smith, where he could be used just as sensibly for the opposite position, as seeking peace widi all our neighbors! The Founding Fathers must not be shown as reluctantly making concessions to the people demanding a Bill of Rights - they would not make concessions! And do not root Mormon­ism to the democratic movements of the time. The country was safe because the "solid, conservative spirit of the Federalists and the Whigs" were ready to save all from "anarchism, chaos and the rule of the mob" (cf. thesis p. 42-43, book p. 21). Uncomplimentary statements about the Republicans are deleted, digs at the Democrats are added. Passages showing that polygamy would have died a natural death are eliminated, as are pages explaining the Mountain Meadows Massacre on the basis of war psychology, the times, and the place. Frequently, paragraphs and pages are added pleading a special case in the name of scholarship. Errors in spelling, citations, bibliography, and matters of fact are too numerous to mention here. These are forgivable, but are suggestive of slipshod methods throughout, which taken with the special plead­ing aspects of die book, mitigate against any confidence that might be built up in the work. An even greater defect is die author's habit of using most any authority for most any event. Thomas F. O'Dea is used (p. 5) as die authority for the Mormon Church's claim to divine revelation! This sort of thing happens again and again, widi secondary sources being cited when primary sources are readily available. He does not know of the existence, understand the contributions, or how to use correctly and/or properly acknowledge the works of Richard D. Poll, Milton R. REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 275 Hunter, Leonard J. Arrington, Dale L. Morgan, James R. Clark, Nels Anderson, Robert J. Dwyer, Norman F. Furniss, or Hyrum Andrus. He knows not the Council of Fifty and its relation to the Kingdom of God. He cites not a single reference to any issue of the Utah Historical Quarterly. He is quite incorrect in his presentation of aspects of re­ligious life and thought in Colonial America as well as in the Jackson-ian era. The claims made for the book by the red, white, and blue jacket and the Introduction prove to be extravagant. It is lamentable that the thesis, written in book form away from the UCLA campus without adequate supervision, was "unanimously accepted without a single change" by the committee. Perhaps more lamentable is the fact that professorial praise for a master's thesis, that is not at all as bad as the book, is employed without scruple as an endorsement by scholars of a great university for what is now an instrument of propaganda. This is conservatism without conscience. The University of California at Los Angeles, the cause of conservatism, the Mormon faith, each deserve better treatment than this. Future historians of our age will find its chief value as a work worthy of study as a product symptomatic of our time. S. GEORGE ELLSWORTH Utah State University Our Renewable Wild Lands - A Challenge. By WALTER P. COTTAM. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1961. vii + 182 pp. $1.95) This booklet represents the conviction, observation, and research of a devoted ecologist-conservationist. It deals with the critical question of the relationship of vegetation, soil, and water in semi-arid Utah. It is arranged in six parts, with Part I titled "Is Utah Sahara Bound?" containing the author's interpretation of vegetation and soil changes which have taken place in Utah during her first century of settlement. In Part II, titled "Historical Facts or Fables," the author questions the use of historical writings as evidence concerning early vegetation conditions by people who are not trained in die plant sciences. Part III compares the vegetative composition of Red Butte Canyon and Emigration Canyon. Red Butte Canyon has been protected from grazing by domestic animals for sixty years, while Emigration has been grazed by domestic animals since the settlement of Utah in 1847. 276 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Part IV comprises a study on the meadow and adjacent lands, plant successional changes which have taken place in the historically famous "Mountain Meadows" area of southwestern Utah. In Part V, "Some Hydrological Facts," Dr. Cottam analyzes some challenging problems facing Utah and the Intermountain West. Do plants affect runoff? What is the relationship of vegetation to flood damage? To what extent do plants use water? He reports on some important watershed management research in Utah and he analyzes the causes and effects of some major floods in Utah's short history. In "The Need for Research in the Management of Our Biological Resources," the final part of the book, Dr. Cottam makes a plea for public awareness of need of and support for expanded and continuing research in this critical area of resource management. He says The lay citizen should come to realize that there must be the "why" as well as the "how" of land management. He must know the "why" represents the results of carefully planned research on which the "how" of our action program is based. This thought-provoking booklet is a challenge. Every thinking adult citizen in Utah should read it. Is Utah Sahara bound ? We could agree with Dr. Cottam, it could be if we allow extreme vegetative deterioration. Dr. Cottam has convincingly shown the relationship of ecological plant succession to use and abuse. Ecologists and land users have recog­nized this change in plant associations. Natural plant associations, how­ever, may not always be necessary or desirable. Through research and management we have changed the natural association of plants in some areas resulting in improved crops and probably better soil protection. The reader may emerge from the text questioning the validity of historical evidence of any kind in explaining plant succession, even if the evidence is supplied by trained plant scientists, because he may feel that historical reports, evidences, and impressions are relative. For ex­ample, what did "excellent pasture" mean to the explorer when ob­served in the winter, the spring, the summer, or the fall? What con­stitutes "excellent pasture" to the traveler coming recently from the green prairie states as compared to the traveler from the hot, dry Southwest ? Soil loss and water damage in Utah has been severe. Dr. Cottam has supplied some convincing evidence to support this. The booklet should be read critically. Dr. Cottam has thrown us a challenge. Our natural resources, soil, and vegetation, have deteriorated REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 277 since settlement. There is an optimistic side to the story, however. Research is giving us some guidelines. Land users are learning to recognize land abuses, and federal and state agencies are applying more management principles. J. WHITNEY FLOYD Utah State University Western Politics. Edited by FRANK H. JONAS. (Salt Lake City: Uni­versity of Utah Press, 1961. xii + 401 pp. $7.95) In the tradition of V. O. Key's Southern Politics (1950) and Duane Lockard's New England State Politics (1959), Western Politics con­tributes another regional analysis to the literature of American political life. This book fulfills its stated purpose of bringing the politics, "the making of public policy," of the thirteen most western states (which are united by physiographic features, economic impulses, and political objectives) to the attention of students of politics, both casual and professional. The organization of the book is logical. There is an introductory chapter by Frank H. Jonas, thirteen chapters - one devoted to each state - written by a professor or team of professors from a major in­stitution within each state, and a concluding chapter on the West in national politics by Neal A. Maxwell. Each state chapter covers nearly identical topics: brief accounts of the state's geography, history, re­sources, population, and economy; a major portion on the state's political party organization and procedure, pressure group activities, election laws, voting habits, and communications media; and interpre­tations of some of the major issues which have aroused public opinion such as finance, education, and reapportionment. Professor Jonas begins the chapter on Utah with a section on "The Position of the Mormon Church in Utah Politics." He apparently con­cludes that, although the church is not always successful, it does attempt to control politics. In the first chapter the same author overlooked an important source of this control - the personal influence of church leaders - when he mentioned only that ". . . the Mormon Church exerts considerable influence by virtue of its extensive commercial enterprise and high property taxpaying position . . . ." Can it be denied that obedience given to church leaders in the religious realm is often coincidental with obedience to them in the political realm? Political obedience may be independent or dependent upon religious obedience. 278 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY A person may receive obedience to his political pronouncements either from indifference to their content, the habit of being obeyed, the prestige of his position, some kind of coercion, or the fact that he reflects the interests of his fellows. Certainly none of these possible explanations may be dismissed in a priori fashion. There is nothing sinister about the connection of church and state in Utah where the political community is correlated with the religious community by over seventy per cent. There are a few places where the book could have been improved. Since it was originally designed to bring up-to-date Thomas C. Don­nelly's Rocky Mountain Politics (1940), its first chapter overemphasized the Intermountain area with Utah as its center; and some attempts to compare data from the eight Intermountain states in 1940 with the eleven western states in 1950 and the thirteen western states in 1960 were unsatisfactory. After the detailed state-by-state presentation, it is regrettable that each major analytical section was not summarized and evaluated in terms of the similarities and differences which were revealed. Also, because separate authors contributed separate chapters, there was some duplication and repetition of fundamentals. Perhaps the greatest shortcoming was that, since the aim of the book was to review politics from 1940 to 1960, some authors completed their work before the results of the 1960 census and presidential election were available. On the whole, the book is well-worth reading. It points out the personal and sectional basis of many states' politics, makes a wealth of material easily accessible to the professional student - which previously was available only through extended research, and explodes several myths often held by armchair political analysts. JEDON A. EMENHISER Utah State University James Clyman, Frontiersman: The Adventures of a Trapper and Covered-Wagon Emigrant as Told in His Own Reminiscences and Diaries. Edited by CHARLES L. CAMP. Second Edition. (Portland: Champoeg Press, 1960. 352 pp. $25.00) This second, revised edition of Camp's work on Clyman has been needed badly for a long time. Because of the advances of the last thirty years in our knowledge of the era of the mountain men and the early overland migrations, much of Clyman's material is subject to new REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 279 interpretations. An additional notebook kept by Clyman has also turned up in the interim. Finally, the first edition was so limited, 330 copies, that it was a rare book almost before the ink had dried. James Clyman was a lovable, oddly speculative soul who endured a full share of frustrations during his ninety years. Following frontier service in the War of 1812 his attempts to break out of the dull routine of middle-western farm life were largely unsuccessful until he was past thirty years of age. Then in 1823 he joined William H. Ashley's famous Rocky Mountain Fur Company enterprise, shared the dangers of the disastrous battle with the Arikaras, moved with his companions to the Overland Trail that led through South Pass, came to the Inter­mountain country, and experienced the hazardous, grueling existence of his new calling. He left the mountains in 1827 and settled in Illinois, where his battle with the mosquitoes that Abraham Lincoln made famous in the future president's account of the Black Hawk War constituted Clyman's thrilling adventures for the next seventeen years. In 1844 Clyman again came West, this time as a guide for emigrants moving to the Pacific Coast. His diaries of this year and the next two constitute his most important contribution to our history. Eventually he settled in California and in near old age married and fathered five children, only tt> lose all but one in a childhood epidemic. Camp's editing of this rich collection of source material is careful and thorough; he leans heavily on such sturdy audiorities as Dale Mor­gan in his revised account of the fur trade. The choice to include the previously mentioned notebook of Clyman's, which belongs to the Illinois years, and a few long poems is questionable. The notebook is filled with philosophical speculations, and Clyman was significant neither as philosopher nor poet. Much more interesting is his little epitaph suggested for Moses Harris: Here lies the bones of old Black Harris who often traveled beyond the far west and for the freedom of Equal rights He crossed the snowy mountain Hights [sic] was free and easy kind of soul Especially with a Belly full. This reviewer's only serious quarrel with this new edition is really with the publication policy. It seems peculiarly unfortunate that a rare book like this, so valuable for all students of the West, should appear once more in a limited edition and at a prohibitive price. The Cham­poeg Press is certainly not the only publisher to undertake SO' obviously 280 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY commercial a venture into the sources of western history, but the ap­pearance of every book in this fashion drops the silver curtain between one more rich document and the scholar. PHILIP C. STURGES University of Utah Peter Skene Ogden's Snake Country Journal, 1826-27'. Edited by K. G. DAVIES. Assisted by A. M. JOHNSON. Introduction by DOROTHY O. JOHANSEN. (London: The Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1961. lxxii 4- 255 pp.) Readers of the Utah Historical Quarterly will not have to be re­minded of the importance of Peter Skene Ogden in the history of Utah and the West. Appointed by Governor George Simpson (1824) to head the Snake Country expeditions of Hudson's Bay Fur Company, Ogden became that company's outstanding field captain. He led the British forces against the Americans in the hotly contested competition for domination of the fur trade and ultimate occupation and control of the whole Oregon Country - the Pacific Northwest. In the half-dozen years of this active field leadership, Ogden led larger trapping brigades through more unexplored country than any of his contem­poraries. Obviously his own detailed journals of these expeditions, plus journals kept by his associates, are valuable historical documents. They give the earliest written descriptions of major portions of the West in addition to details of the management and operation of large trapping-exploring expeditions. The Hudson's Bay Record Society is perform­ing a valuable service to history by including these journals among its significant publications. The book under examination here is Volume XXIII of the series. If this book contained nothing more than Ogden's journal of his 1826-27 expedition it would be well worthwhile, but it contains much more than that. The rather lengthy Introduction by Professor Johansen gives a good summary of Ogden's earlier activities and sets the stage for his 1826-27 journal which follows. The Ogden journal is followed by five important appendixes which contain significant and interesting documents relating to the opening of the Northwest: (A) Snake Coun­try Correspondence, 1826; (B) A. R. McLeod's Journal South of the Columbia, Summer 1826; (C) A. R. McLeod's Umpqua Expedition Journal, 1826-27; (D) South of the Columbia and Umpqua Corres- REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 281 pondence, 1826; (E) Account of Sundries supplied the Snake Expedi­tion outfit, 1826. The book also' contains two pocket maps: one shows the routes of Ogden and McLeod, 1826-27, the other is a landform map of Oregon. It should be pointed out that these 1826-27 activities were conducted almost entirely within the present state of Oregon. DAVID E. MILLER University of Utah President James Buchanan, A Biography. By PHILIP SHRIVER KLEIN. (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962. xx + 506 pp. $750) During his life-long study of James Buchanan, Professor Philip Shriver Klein has written two monographs and several articles of merit. He now presents the full results of his investigations in the first com­prehensive biography of Buchanan since George T. Curtis' apologia of 1883. The title of this book is something of a misnomer, for Klein does not concentrate exclusively upon Buchanan's unhappy days in the White House. Instead, he devotes more than half of his work to events occurring before 1856, since "the presidential years . . . have been de­scribed very fully by many scholars, notably by Roy F. Nichols." Thus he chronicles in detail Buchanan's political career as minister, senator, and secretary of state. But Mr. Buchanan's presidential administration receives its share of attention, and so the reader may here relive the coming of the Civil War. Klein's book deserves praise. It is based upon thorough, one might even say staggering, research as the footnotes and exhaustive biblio­graphy display. The author's excellent style makes many parts of the book enjoyable. Furthermore, he has fulfilled his introductory promise of strict neutrality. Accordingly, Buchanan's strength and weakness botii appear on these pages: his kindliness, gentleness, courtesy; his vanity, suspiciousness, essential shallowness. Such historians as Nevins, Nichols, and Fish have dealt harshly with Buchanan the president. Klein does not accept their judgments wholeheartedly. At one point in his narrative, it is true, Klein does show that Buchanan became "unnerved"; in other passages the author also describes the president's agonized indecision. And yet the usual picture - of a "nervous-Nellie" praying only that his term may end 282 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY before the deluge - does not appear. Rather we see an old man try­ing to save the Union but handicapped by his political convictions, and perhaps overwhelmed by an irresistible conflict. This book is open to one major criticism, arising from the author's decision to explore in detail Buchanan's activities before 1856. Although Buchanan lived a long life, one spent almost entirely in public office, it was unfortunately the case, as Klein shows, that he "always stood on the periphery'' of the great happenings of his time: the arrange­ment of the Missouri Compromise, the Nullification crisis of the 1830's, the development of the Compromise of 1850, and the passage of the provocative Kansas-Nebraska Act. Any long biography which "con­denses the treatment of the presidential years" must therefore contain many dry passages, particularly those dealing with the interminable jockeying of political factions in Penny si vania. The trouble is that Buchanan was (in Klein's words) "dignified, restrained and rather dull," and any detailed study of the man must suffer from this fact. At one time in his salad days James Buchanan would get tipsy and dance on the top of a table. One wishes that such exuberance had ap­peared more often throughout his life. NORMAN F. FURNISS Colorado State University World of Wakara. By CONWAY B. SONNE. (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1962. xii 4- 235 pp. $4.95) The World of Wakara is an interesting account of the period of first contact between the Mormons and the Ute Indians. The historical materials are drawn from many sources, and the author's interpretations appear to be generally sound. The book has less to offer as a description of Ute life. One wonders why there is no mention made of the Ute bands in western Colorado, with whom the Ute bands Sonne is writing about, visited, intermarried, and hunted with. This omission seems to be a serious one, especially since the Colorado Utes had in­corporated more of the Plains Indian culture traits into their way of life than had the Utah Utes. Raiding, horse-stealing, and organized bands were much more characteristic of the Colorado Utes than of the Utah Utes, and there is every reason to suppose that much of Walker's time which is unaccounted for was spent in western Colorado. It is also most probable that Colorado Utes accompanied Walker on his trips to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 283 There are other problems. The use of the term "chief" is mislead­ing. The Utes never had chiefs in the sense that we ordinarily use the term. Walker undoubtedly was a leader and a man of influence, but he, in company with other Ute leaders, did not have real authority over his followers. Any person or group could choose whether to follow or not. The leader was a wise person whose opinions were listened to, but he had no absolute authority to enforce his decisions. Sonne refers from time-to-time to Walker's brothers, reporting Gunnison's estimate that Walker was one of about thirty brothers. Both Sonne and Gunnison are apparently unaware of the Ute kinship sys­tem, which is of the Hawaiian type, in which all consanguineous rela­tives of one's own generation (cross-cousins, parallel cousins, and sibl­ings) are grouped into four categories in which the only distinctions made are between older and younger, and male or female relatives of the one generation. Thus many of the persons referred to as Walker's brothers were, in reality, cousins. Misinterpretations of Ute social and kinship systems such as those cited above indicate that Sonne's descrip­tions of Ute culture and motivations must be accepted only with serious reservations. On the other hand, his accounts of Mormon-Indian con­tacts deserve more attention. Y. T. WITHERSPOON University of Utah Blackfeet and Buffalo: Memories of Life Among the Indians. By JAMES WILLARD SCHULTZ (APIKUNI). Edited and introduction by KEITH C. SEELE. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962. xvi4-384 pp. $5.95) Editor Keith C. Seele's Introduction is itself a good review of the text which it introduces. He cautions against regarding Schultz's stories as history, because of discrepancies concerning dates and per­sons, and principally because he considered himself a storyteller. We agree that Apikuni's tales are to be read and enjoyed as adventure stories, with any historical or anthropological information thrown in as a bonus. When one keeps in mind that Schultz did not come West until 1877, it is clear that many of the stories are based on episodes long past, but die reader easily gets the impression that the events were occurring during Schultz's own time. The historian notes that by the mid-eighties Montana had two railroads, numerous towns, a booming range cattle business, and even a college in operation. This is not a 284 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY setting for the tribal warfare among Piegans, Assiniboines, and Crows described by Schultz. Nevertheless, there are many sections that appear reliable for the student of history or ethnology, among them the ac­counts of the last trading posts in Blackfeet country, of Schultz's ex­plorations in present Glacier Park, and of tribal ceremonies and folk­ways. The picture revealed in these stories is such as to cast doubt on the popular concept of pre-white Indian life as a time of happiness and peace. The Piegans and all their neighbors are seen living in constant fear of enemies, anxiety for absent warriors and hunters, and dread of offending the "Above Ones" or losing face within the tribe; they appear as absolute slaves to superstition and custom. Two episodes recounted in some detail will attract die specialist in Indian history, dealing with the murder of Malcolm Clark in 1869 and the resulting Baker Massacre of the Piegans. The Indian view of the massacre is substantially that of white historians, but die circumstances of Clark's murder are quite unfamiliar. As Seele points out, current research at the Blackfeet Agency at Browning has produced informa­tion on matters discussed emotionally by Schultz, particularly relations between the Indians and John Young, their agent during the early eighties. The documents seem to refute some of his strongest conten­tions, but his version is still valuable for its statement of the Indian feel­ing in the matter. In fact this is the book's real contribution, the pre­sentation of the Indian viewpoint, whatever may have been the facts of history, science, or frontier politics. The many photographic illustrations are well-chosen and effective, and their captions informative. Books never seem to have enough maps (maybe we should review an atlas next time); but the single map of the Blackfeet country is useful. A detailed map of the Glacier Park area would help, especially since today's nomenclature is not identical with that of eighty years ago. An example is "Flat Top Mountain," now assigned to an elevation west of die Divide and many miles from the one described by Schultz, north of St. Mary's Lake. A Glossary of Geographic Names partially meets the need, and is indispensable in translating Indian and white designations. Footnotes are at a mini­mum; their utility would be greater if the author of each had been identified as either Schultz or the editor, as this is not always clear. Editor Seele is probably correct in his guess that this final volume of Schultz stories will be most welcome to readers who were fans for REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 285 his boys' tales thirty and more years ago. But it is also likely that new readers, who meet him here for the first time, will be moved to go back and enjoy some of the earlier thirty-seven books by Apikuni. STANLEY R. DAVISON Western Montana College Great Westerner: The Story of Kit Carson. By BERNICE BLACKWELDER. (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1962. 373 pp. $6.00) Kit Carson was not two years old when he moved from Franklin, Missouri, westward to the Missouri border following the example of Daniel Boone. At fourteen, his stepfather apprenticed him tt» a saddler, and it was from this shop that Kit ran away in 1826 to join a wagon train starting for Santa Fe. Thereafter he was to be and ever remain a part of the West. In the beginning he found a variety of jobs. He drove a mule team to El Paso, was a cook at a trappers' boardinghouse, and went, as in­terpreter, with a group of traders into Chihauahua, the most southerly venture of his life. Carson then explored with Ewing Young, trapped with Broken Hand's Brigade, and while a mountain man married an Arapaho In­dian in 1834. She died in 1841 while he was a hunter for Bent's Fort. In 1843 he remarried and became a guide for Fremont's expedition to the Rockies. Again in 1845-46 he joined Fremont's expedition as guide. He was with Kearny's Army of the West and traveled twice across the continent in 1847-49. Carson became a rancher, was appointed In­dian agent in 1854, received a commission in the army as colonel and later as brigadier general. He retired from the army and died a few months after his wife in 1868. An account of Kit Carson's experiences, is, in a sense, a narrative of the development of the West. Lost Mines of Death Valley. By HAROLD O. WEIGHT. Second Edition. (Twentynine Palms: The Calico Press, 1961. 80 pp. $2.00) It was silver, discovered by the original forty-niners which touched off a century of searching, leading to other strikes of gold, silver, and borax, which in turn shaped the history of Death Valley. The more important lost mine legends of the valley have been selected for this 286 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY book. The author has attempted to trace them to their origins, follow their histories and variations, assay them for authenticity, correlate the stories with known geographic landmarks and historic facts, and point out obvious errors and probable truth. The original details are not changed or colored to fit personal convictions. Eight years of continued delving since the first edition of Lost Mines, has led to much new information which has been added to this second edition of the book. Old Bill Williams, Mountain Man. By ALPHEUS H. FAVOUR. Introduc­tion by WILLIAM BRANDON. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962. xv 4-234 pp. $4.00) The mountain men of the early nineteenth century were a breed apart - hardy trappers and trail finders, with their own lingo and way of life. And of the mountain men none was more colorful or more individualistic than William Sherley (Old Bill) Williams of the flam­ing hair. Born during the American Revolution, Williams was a child of the early frontier. In his young manhood he became an itinerant preacher and appointed himself a missionary to the Osages, who converted him rather than the other way around. After the death of his wife, an Osage girl, Old Bill forsook civilization and made die wilderness his home. He was a master trapper, one of the guides of die Sibley survey of the Santa Fe Trail in 1825, and some twenty years later was a guide with two different Fremont expeditions. Old Bill Williams was a controversial figure in his own time and has remained so ever since. According to some stories, he was vicious and treacherous, but according to others, he was kind and trustworthy. Above all, he epitomized the wildness of the mountain men; among all the tattered, tough, and untrammeled company, he was the most tattered, the toughest, and notoriously the least trammeled. There may be other candidates for the title of greatest of the mountain men, but Old Bill Williams is indisputably one of the most interesting. Scenes of Earlier Days, In Crossing the Plains to Oregon, and Experi­ences of Western Life. By CHARLES HOWARD CRAWFORD. (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, Inc., 1962. vi +186 pp. $5.25) This book is a highly personal and realistic set of memoirs, reveal­ing as much about the life of a frontier minister as of the area and die people he served. REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 287 Born about 1830, Charles Howard Crawford was ordained a minister in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1851 he left western Illinois and settled near Portland in a pioneer town, but the damp winters of the Pacific Northwest drove him south to Stockton, California, a rough town of about 1,000 persons. For three years the young minister with a realistic and somewhat worldly outlook grappled in his own way with the social and religious problems of the town. During the Civil War Crawford followed the little gold rush to the Powder River mines in Oregon, to dig and to preach. He became an indispensable functionary at the various hangings, funerals, and other occasions of retribution for violence in the rough-and-tumble community. Crawford returned to California after the war and located at Santa Rosa. For the remainder of his life he lived in this area, continu­ing to play his active and colorful role of a pioneer parson long after the frontier had gone. Scenes of Earlier Days is a valuable source for the color and quality of life in the small towns and mining camps of the West in the last half of the century. The Troopers, An Informal History of the Plains Cavalry, 1865-1890. By S. E. WHITMAN. (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1962. 256 pp. $4.95) The men who bore the fighting brunt of the government's Indian policy following the Civil War were the soldiers of the cavalry arm of the United States Army. The campaigns of that Indian-fighting cavalry have been told and re-told. This book concentrates on the lesser known facts of the troopers' daily lives - where they lived, the clothes they wore, and the food they ate; what they were paid and how they spent their wages; the horses they rode and the weapons they fought with; the women they loved and sometimes married; officers' wives and "army brats"; discipline and punishment; hierarchy and protocal; jealousies and rivalries; hardships and deprivations; grubbiness and the occasional glory. In brief this is a fond but clear-eyed description of the troopers as they really were, written by an authority whose novels about diem have thrilled thousands of readers. 288 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, has rendered a service by re­printing the following books in inexpensive editions. Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People. By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. xvii + 310 pp. $1.50) This book contains narratives just as they came from the lips of the Indians. From these tales the reader can get a true picture of the real man who is speaking. He is not the Indian of literature, but the real Indian as he is in his daily life among his own people, the true, natural man. Plenty-Coups, Chief of the Crows. By FRANK B. LINDERMAN. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. ix-l-324 pp. $1.50) The real Indians are gone. The change from a normal to an un­certain and unnatural existence came so suddenly to the Plains Indian that his customs and traditions could not flourish, and they all but perished with the buffalo in the early eighties. One is startled that so brief a time could wipe away traditions ages old, and after contempla­tion wonders how much truth we know of ancient people. The author has written the story of Plenty-Coups, who had seen much of the old life of the Plains Indian, as he told it so that a genuine record of his life might be preserved. Old Jules. By MARI SANDOZ. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Ne­braska Press, 1962. x4-424 pp. $1.60) The biography of Jules Ami Sandoz is the biography of a com­munity, the upper Niobrara country in western Nebraska. The bio­graphy tells of his struggles as a locator, a builder of communities, and a bringer of fruit to the Panhandle. Reminiscences of a Ranchman. By EDGAR BEECHER BRONSON. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. xiv-t-370pp. $1.50) Edgar Beecher Bronson, the real-life prototype of that now familiar character, the tenderfoot from the East, went out where the West began when it began. He was the first man to carry a herd of cattle into the Sioux country, and there locate and permanently maintain a ranch. The story of Bronson's apprenticeship on the range and his evolu­tion from a greenhorn puncher into an experienced old hand has come to be regarded as a classic of cow country literature. REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 289 The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A., in the Rocky Mountains and the Far West. Digested from his journal by Washington Irv­ing. Edited by Edgeley W. Todd. The American Exploration Series, Number 34. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961) California Mormons by Sail and Trail. By Annaleone D. Patton. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1961) Classification Schedule and Subject Headings for Mormon Literature. Utah Library Association Technical Services. Second Edition. (Salt Lake City: Utah Library Association, 1962) The Devil's Rainbow. By J. C. Furnas. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962) [historical-fiction concerning Joseph Smith] Great Western Rides. By Dabney Otis Collins. (Colorado: Sage Books, 1961) History of Tooele County. Tooele County Daughters of Utah Pioneers. (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1961) Jacob Hamblin, Buckskin Apostle. By Tom Bailey. Reprint. (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1961) Mormonism Now and Then. By G. T. Harrison. (Salt Lake City: Author, 1961) Of A Number of Things. By Parley A. Christensen. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1962) One Hundred Years in the Heart of Zion. By Ruby K. Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1961) [history of the Eight­eenth Ward] Rio Grande Mainline of the Rockies. By Lucius and Charles Beebe. (Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1962) Sketches of the Old West. By E. C. Matthews. (St. Louis: New Era Studio, 1962) 290 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Brigham Young and His Wives. By John J. Stewart. (Salt Lake City: Mercury Publishing Company, Inc., 1961) Arizona Highways - XXXVII, May 1962: "The Arizona Strip," by Scott Hayden, 42-47. AIA [American Institute of Architects] Architecture-Spring 1962: "Old Salt Lake City Hall," by A. R. Mortensen, 24-27. American Heritage - XIII, February 1962: "The Prairie Schooner Got Them There [references to Mormons in the text and two paint­ings by W. H. Jackson of Mormon wagon trains]," by George R. Stewart, 5ff. Arizona and the West - III, Autumn 1961: "Lieutenants Pershing and Stotsenberg Visit the Grand Canyon: 1887," edited by Wil­liam Swilling Wallace, 265-84. The Denver Westerners Monthly Roundup - XVII, December 1961: "Some Little Known Facts Concerning the Lewis and Clark Ex­pedition, With Detailed Instructions Given by President Thomas Jefferson," by Nolie Mumey, 5-10. Deseret News and Salt Lake Telegram, Church News - January 27, 1962: "Spring Start Planned for Major Church Building Project [Administration and Archives buildings to be erected. Mission Home, Sherrill Apartments, L.D.S. Business College, Barrett Hall, Brigham Young Building, Old Presiding Bishops Building, Deseret Gymnasium, Joseph F. Smith Memorial Building to be wrecked for new building plan]," by George L. Scott, 8-9; February 10, 1962: "Mormons in Congress, LDS Lawmakers Hail From Five Western States [Wallace F. Bennett, Frank E. Moss, David S. King, Morris Blaine Peterson, Ralph R. Harding, Morris K. Udall, Howard Walter Cannon, John Emerson]," 7; March 3, 1962: "Utah Cultural Epic Born 100 Years Ago [Salt Lake Theater, photograph of early view, architects model, actors of theater era and inside view of theater]," by Hal Knight, 8-9; March 31, 1962: "Huge Storage Vault Bored In Granite Mountain," by Monitor REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 291 C. Noyce, 13ff.; May 12, 1962: "Tourist Bureau Nears Completion [photographs showing construction of the building]," by Arnold J. Irvine, 8-9. Desert, Magazine of the Southwest - XXV, April 1962: Special Issue: Southern Utah, "Biography of a Fantastic Landscape," by Arthur F. Bruhn, 6ff.; "Southern Utah is the Story of People," 8-10; "A Regional Family-Car Guide to Soudiern Utah, Roads, Camping Places, Scenic Attractions, Points of Interest, Local Celebrations," llff.; "Bold Plan to Save the Canyonlands," by Weldon F. Heald, 18-21; "In the Henrys," by Joyce Muench, 24ff.; "Through the Narrows of Zion," by Frank Jensen, 26-28; "Kon Tiki of the Colorado," by Rosalie F. Goldman, 29-31; May 1962: "He Founded: '. . . a place where the best of Christianity and the Indian way of life could merge' [founding of St. Christopher's Episcopal Mission to the Navajo Indians, Bluff, Utah, by Father H. Baxter Liebler]," by Frank Jensen, 12-13. Ford Times - LV, March 1962: "Big City Weekend: Salt Lake City," by Jack Goodman, paintings by V. Douglas Snow, 61-63. Harper's Magazine - CCXXIV, March 1962: "George Romney: The Brightest Horse in the Stable," by John Fischer, 16ff. The Improvement Era - LXV, February 1962: "The Wentworth Let­ter [history of the church by Joseph Smith]," by Preston Nibley, 96ff.; "Why the Pioneer Memorial Theater," by Ila Fisher Maug-han, 152ff. Life - LII, February 9, 1962: "Here Comes the Rambler Man, Politics Beckons George Romney," 32-41. The Masterkey - XXXVl, April-June 1962: "Navaho Silver [part 1]," by Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, 44-59. Military Affairs - XXV, Fall 1961: '"Buchanan's Blunder,' the Utah War, 1857-1858," by Richard D. Poll and Ralph W. Hansen, 121-31. Museum News - XL, December 1961: "The Bee Hive House of Brig­ham Young [restoration of]," by Georgius Young Cannon, 32-37. 292 UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY National Geographic - CXXI, April, 1962: "Shooting Rapids in Re­verse! Jet Boats Climb the Colorado's Torrent Through Grand Canyon," by William Belknap, Jr., 552-65; May 1962: "Cities of Stone in Utah's Canyonland [where the Green River joins the Colorado, bristling pinnacles and arch-studded canyons form a little-known wonderland that may become a national park]," by W. Robert Moore, 653-77. National Parks Magazine - XXXVI, February 1962: "Land of the Painted Cliffs [Capitol Reef National Monument]," by Natt N. Dodge, 12-14; "Your National Parks Association at Work [in­formation on the closing of the Glen Canyon Dam and the filling of Lake Powell]," 15ff.; April 1962: A Special Grand Canyon Na­tional Park Issue, "Interpreting the Grand Canyon," by Freeman Tilden, 4-8; "An Hourglass for Geologists," 9-11; "Campaign for the Grand Canyon," by Anthony Wayne Smith, 12-15. Nebraska History - XLIII, March 1962: "Courthouse and Jail Rocks: Landmarks on the Oregon [or Mormon] Trail," by Earl R. Harris, 29-51. Newsweek, the Magazine of News Significance - LIX, February 19, 1962: "Dark Horse -Off and Running [George Romney]," 23ff. Pacific Historical Review - XXXI, February 1962: "Taine's Essay on the Mormons," translated with introduction and notes by Austin E. Fife, 49-65. The Relief Society Magazine - XLIX, February 1962: "Funeral and Burial of President Brigham Young," by Preston Nibley, 84-88. Saints' Herald - CIX, February 1962: "Jackson County's historic Jail Is Now a Museum," 18-19. SUP News - N\l\, November-December 1961: "Building of Historic Salt Lake Theater," by Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., 7; "Theater Dedi­cation Takes Place March 6, 1962," by Franklin L. McKean, 8; [pictures of theater and activities], 10-11; IX, January-February 1962: "Historic Saltair Beach and Great Salt Lake - Brief, Brief Story of Its Past, Present and Future," 2. REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS 293 Time, The Weekly Newsmagazine - LXXIX, January 19, 1962: "Salesmen-Saints [under the title "Religion," concerns the mis­sionary program in England]," 56ff.; February 16, 1962: "Michi­gan, Fresh Face in an Open Field [George Romney]," 21-22; March 2,1962: "Michigan, The Mormon Issue [George Romney]," 21. Utah Archaeology, A Newsletter - VII, December 1961: "Artifacts From a Site in Box Elder County, Utah," by Warren C. Hageman, 15; "A Preliminary Report of 1961 Archeological Excavations in Moqui Canyon and Castle Wash," by Floyd W. Sharrock, 6-11; "Archeological Survey and Testing in Moqui Canyon and Castle Wash, 1961," by Kent C. Day, 12-14. Utah Educational Review - LV, January 1962: "Utah in the Eyes of the Nation," by L. H. Kirkpatrick, 15ff. Utah Farmer - LXXXI, May 3, 1962: "Utah's New Canyonlands Na­tional Park - To Be Or Not To Be?" Iff. Utah Libraries - V, Spring 1962: "Utah Under the Library Service Act the First Five Years," by Russell L. Davis, 7-8.