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Show Appendix. of the people of India, they gladly united with those of the agricultural Statc•s in the cstabli8hmcnt of a system of minimums upon cotton and " .o o 11 en goo ds, , ,a 11cl the bill for that purpose passed through the. 'enate with but a sin!.(le dissenting vote from south of l\Iaryl:md: \Vhcn, m 1818, 1' t was propos 'c t 1 to .p rolonrnr the duration of the protection thus a!Tcn·dcd. , Baldwin of Pennsylvania, Clay of K entucky, ~nd Lowndes of outh Carohnn, were founcl Yoting togeth er in the affirm.attve. The period that followed was one of rum thronghont the Mid~lc .and Northern States. Flour sold in Pittsuurg at $1.2.5 per barrel, whtlc non was so high that it required seventy, if not even eighty barrels of flour to pay for a ton of bars. From day to day the farmers :am c. more and m?re to apprrciate the truth of Franklin's .doctrines, as gtven m the followmg extract from one of his lcttrrs, dated m 1771 : "l~vcry manufacturer cncourn~etl in our country, makes part of~ ~arket .for pro- v.t :-·~ totts wt" tl 11· 11 0 t 1rs• olvos , •a tld s' aves •s o lltuch tllortr•v to •t ho COli I•I II ov .tsE ll.t.i iSI orhor- 1 . 1 · · wi,.;o be exported to pay for tho ma11ufacruros he st~ppl1es .. H e ~ o 1.11 n.., ·•~r 1t IS II k alld 'lll(le'. toorl tltat wherever a manHiaetHre IS esr.thll ·hed wlt1ch om- \vteo n~ ·at t1o11w1mn b•o r of hanrls, it rai;:;'c s' tho value of lands · 1 · 1 1 .· · · 11 111 t 1e n e 1~ 1 1011rtg- COIIIII';Y ,, . p. · 1 ·1 .,. J>Utly hy tho rrrearer demand ncar at hand for tho procluco of lite l.111d uiPIItH 1 1 • 1 · rrly' fro•m tho plonrv" of moncy drawn hy t 11 0 mart II f ac' l1 1re1·H · ro tlt·•t r l>.""t ·t c1 f 1110 ~·:,'/1111:;.~. It 800111s, thorci(11•0, tho il~terost of all our ~arr~tors and ?wno~s ot.lands: to l.'ll!'OIIrag-o 0111' yO IIll~ lllallUfactUI'O$ Ill proforCilCO to fOI'O igll OliOS 1111pOttOc1 oiiiiOIIl:, LIS fro111 distant countries." From day to day it became better understood that Jefferson had been in the rio-ht when he declared that our true policy was to " place the manufactur~ r by the side of the agriculturist;" t and thus it carr:e t!1at, in lSU, a new effort was made to protect the producer of food by brmgmg the COHsumcr to his neighborhood. The tariff of that year was passed by the fol-lowing vote : Freo Lahor State;:;, Slave Labor 1:ltatcs, For. 88 19 107 .11 gain~·t. 32 70 102 The vote against it from the Free States was, to a great extent, .from the shipping States of New England, while of the Southern "?te for. 1t n large portion came from Kentucky, always the most Northern m feelmg·o·f ~he Slnve States. Deducting the vote of the States immediately adJOllllng Mason and Dixon's Line and the Ohio, it will be found that the advocates of cheap lnbor went almost solidly against protection. The tariff' of 1828 followed, and here the vote was as follows: Freo Lahor Rtares, Slave Labor 'tatcs, For. 88 17 .11 gain st. 29 63 105 94 The periotl which followed the passage of this tariff was one of greater * P.xartly; hut 1 do not !'leo why l\lassacltusetts shoul(l he huilt up at tliC' rxpen!'o of l\lic·higan, [ow:t, and l{;111 s a~. . , 1 1 t Trtl t'; :!i,·o· r,1u11l ri!.!llls ro all; 011r fann ers llavo no protection. \\'i1y ::1111 '1 • t 10 manufacturC'rs have superior atlvautagcs over tho111? J. It Appendix. prnspcrity than this country had then eYer known. The revenue was so abundant that it became n ecessary to abolish the duties upon coffee, tra, and various other commodities consumed by the laborers of the North. and yet, notwith tanding this reduction, the public debt whirh, at the, oprning of 1829 had stood at nearly sixty millions, was finally paid off in 183-1. The advocntcs of ch eap labor ha.d been, as we sec, almost unanimous against the passage of this act, anu almost equally unanimous did they proYc in denouncing it after its operation had com1ncnccd. I t was the tariff of" abominations" for them, for it tended to improve the condition of the laborer, and they desired to purchase bone, muscle, and sinew in the form of laborers. Mr. McDuffie undertook to prove, by his "forty bale theory," that the South paid all the expenses of government, and he and l\fr. Calhoun finally succeeded in persuading the people of South Carolina. that protection was unconstitutional, and that they had a right to nullify and set at defiance the law by virtue of which the revenue was then collected; anti yet l\Ir. Calhoun had been, himself, one of the strongest advocates for protecting the cotton of South Carolina. in our markets from aU interference by the cotton of India. Then, for the first time did the people of the Union commit the serious error of recognizing the right of the minority to dictate law to the majority. South Carolina, the State that, of a.ll others, recognizes the existence of the smallest amount of rights among her own free white men - the State that of all others exhibits in its worst form the evils of an aristocracy dictntcd to the Union that it should fall back from the ground it had occupied, and return to a strictly horizontal tariff of twenty per cent., abandoning nt once and forc,·er all idea of protecting the free cultivators of the North in their cfl'orts to secure to themselves a. home market for the proclucts of their labor and their land. The compromise tariff of 1833 was passC'd, and thus the system that had been uuilt up at the cost of so much emJrt, was almost at once prostrated. Slave labor had carried the day ngainst free labor. The men who wished to buy laborers cheaply had achi c \·cd a ,·ictory O\·er the men who wished to sell their own labor, and to sell it dearly. tt was a great mi.-take, and the con cqucnccs soon became apparent. !lti{l-; a11cl furnaces were no longer built.* Importations were large, and within four vear.s the banks throughout the Union stopped payment. The cnst•ing fou;. yea.rs were years of loss and ruin. The power to purchase foreign goods declined, and the r e,·cnue fell off so greatly that in less than nine years from lhe date of the final discharge of a. public debt upon which we had ueen paying an interest of tln·ec per cent., the agents of the government were seen knocking at the doors of all the uanking houses of London and Paris, Hamburg and Amsterdam, and asking for a loan at six per cent., and asking it in vain. \Vhat were the losses of the people in those awful days we need scarcely state, for they arc yet fresh in the rccol- * A r rllo cxpenHo oft Ito rural d i;:;tri cts ; gontl ! -!)tat Iii ono praisewortlry act that South Carolin;,t lt;,ts rcm~crcd .tlw country. J. Jl. |