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Show 1879.] MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 425 many animals, particularly Rodents. Dr. Watson and Messrs. Miall and Greenwood only found the parotid gland present in their examples1. Alimentary Canal.-The oesophagus is of but small calibre; at its entrance into the stomach, when cut open and stretched out, it measures 4 inches. The stomach in shape resembles that of the Indian Elephant as figured by Camper and others. Its long axis lies almost vertically in the animal, with the cardiac end directed upwards, the pyloric being downwards. In a straight line it measures 26 inches from the cardiac to pyloric ends; from the extremity of the cul-de-sac, along the greater curvature to the pylorus, 35^ inches ; along the lower curvature 18i inches. Its greatest depth is 9 inches, at the pylorus only 3J. The rounded cul-de-sac, to the left of the entrance of the oesophagus, is 9£ inches long by 7f deep. Perrault gives 3| feet by 14 inches as the dimensions of the stomach in his adult animal. In his figure of this viscus (I. c. pi. 20) the cardiac cul-de-sac is represented as nearly conical; and in other respects his representation is not good. The mucous membrane of the cardiac cul-de-sac is raised up into about fifteen thick zonary folds, which are arranged with considerable regularity in that part of the stomach, but decrease both in size and regularity as tbey approach the pyloric part ; so that the posterior third of the inner part of the stomach is almost smooth, with only slight and irregularly disposed rugae2. The folds are very expansible ; but in the ordinary state none exceeds about 1 inch in depth. The greater part are continuous all round the stomach ; but others blend with adjacent folds; so that it is not possible to count the exact number with any great accuracy. The mucous membrane of the oesophagus is sharply marked off from that of the stomach : here it is covered by numerous short slit-like depressions (probably mucous canals) in the anterior two thirds ; but in the posterior third these disappear or become obsolete. About 4h inches from the oesophagus, in the middle line of the lesser curvature, is a small, blunt, slightly elevated, circular prominence, pitted in the centre, of ^ inch diameter, which is probably glandular in nature. Prof. Garrod, in his M S . notes, records small glands, apparently formed by the aggregation of several of these, as occurring in a similar position in the Indian species. The pylorus has no distinct valve. The length of the small intestine was 27 feet 4 inches, of the very 1 Mr. Bartlett tells me that in both sexes of the African Elephant tbe peculiar temporal gland, which is found in the Indian species, and opens externally between the eye and ear, is certainly present. I omitted, unfortunately, to look for it. 2 Mayer's figure (Nov. Act. Acad. C. L. vol. xxii. pt. 1, pi. iv. fig. 3,1847) of the stomach of the Indian species does not sufficiently indicate the regularly zonary nature of these folds; in that of Sir James Emerson Tennent ('The Wild Elephant,' p. 59 [1867]), on the other hand, these folds are represented as much too regular and sharply defined. |