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Show O'Neill, K., & Reid, G. (1991). Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity by Older Adults. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 82, 392-396. Owens, M.M., & Dandoy, S. (1987). A History of Public Health in Utah. Salt Lake City: Utah Department of Health. Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., Bouchard, C, Buchner, D., Ettinger, W., Heath, G. W., King, A. C, Kriska, A., Leon, A. S., Marcus, B. H., Morris, J., Paffenbarger, R. S., Patrick, K., Pollock, M. L., Rippe, J. M., Sallis, J., & Wilmore, J. H. (1995). Physical Activity and Public Health: A Recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA, 273, 402-407. Sallis, J. F., & Hovell, M. F. (1990). Determinants of Exercise Behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 18,307-330. Shah, B.U. (1981). SUDAAN: Standard Errors Program for Computing Standardized Rates from Sample Survey Data. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute. Sopko, G., Obarzanek, E., & Stone, E. (1992). Overview of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, S192-S195. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1996). Physical Activity and Health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. (1991). Healthy people 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Utah Bureau of Health Education. (1998). Physical activity in Utah. Salt Lake City: Utah Department of Health. Utah Bureau of Surveillance and Analysis. (1997). 1996 Utah Health Status Survey Report: Health Insurance Coverage. Salt Lake City: Utah Department of Health. Waldron, I. (1988). Gender and Health-Related Behavior. In D. S. Gochman (Ed.), Health Behavior: Emerging Research Perspectives (pp. 193-208). New York: Plenum Press. Xu, W., Stinner, W. F., & Paita, L. (1992, April). Do Gender and Social Class Jointly Condition the Impact of Contextual and Personal Attributes on Health Risk-Taking and Preventive Behavior? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Social Sciences Association, Denver. Appendix: Measures of Physical Activity in this Study A. The measures of light-to-moderate and vigorous physical activity in Study I and II, and sedentary lifestyle in Study III, were calculated from the following questions in the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System from 1985 to 1992, 1994, and 1996: al. During the past month, did you participate in any physical activities or exercises such as running, calisthenics, golfing, gardening, or walking for exercise? a2. What type of physical activity or exercise did you spend the most time doing during the past month? a3. How far did you usually walk/run/jog/swim? a4. How many times per week or per month did you take part in this activity during the past month? a5. When you took part in this activity, for how many minutes or hours did you usually keep at it? a6. Was there another physical activity or exercise that you participated in during the last month? a7. What other type of physical activity gave you the next most exercise during the past month? (Repeat Questions a3, a4, a5 for the second type of physical activity.) B. The measures of regular vigorous exercise were calculated from the following questions in the 1996 Utah Health Status Survey and were used for Study IV: 42 |