OCR Text |
Show A- 12) listed kinnikinnik for the conifer, deciduous conifer, and forest riparian environments of the Uintah- Ouray Reservation. Kinnikinnik was visually identified or reported at Whiterocks Canyon ( 1.2; 3.1), along the road to Big Springs in Uinta Canyon ( 1.2; 4.2; 3.1), in Yellowstone Canyon ( 4.3; 3.1), and near Twin Pots ( 1.3). Ute Medicinal and Ritual Uses: Chamberlin ( 1909b: 7- 8) indicated that the Indians of Utah utilized kinnikinnik along with several other species for tobacco ( Nicotiana attenuatea, Vaccinium occidentale, and Silene menziesii)', however he uses the species name Cornus stolonifera for kinnikinnik. It should be noted here that botanical nomenclature commonly changes, and this may account for the difference in this case ( Vogel 1970: vii). Ute consultants indicate that kinnikinnik is still used as a tobacco for ritual purposes ( 1.1; 1.2; 3.1; 4.2). Connor Chapoose mentioned a " tobacco," possibly kinnikinnik, found growing in the Uinta mountains which he called " Larb" ( Oral History No. 1: 13- 14). Other Uses by the Utes: Smith ( 1974a: 115) mentions the use of bearberry bush bark for making cordage. Uses by Neighboring Great Basin Populations: The Gosiutes apparently used the bark of this plant for smoking ( Chamberlin 1911: 366- 7). A. 2,4 Ponder os. a,... Yellow. Pine ( Pinus ponderosa, Pinaceae): One Ute name is " te- vup"' ( Wardle 1969: 10). Reported Location: The ponderosa is found from 7,000 to 8,000 feet on the Uinta mountains, and down to 6,000 feet in the Whiterocks and Uinta River drainages ( Goodrich and Neese 1986: 191). ECOTONE ( 1995: A- 1, A- 4, A- 8, A- 12, A- 16, A- 22) reports this tree in many environments on the Uintah- Ouray Reservation. Whiterocks Canyon ( 4.2) is reported as a prime location for sap bearing ponderosa, while Uinta Canyon ( 4.1) is described as the place for gathering ponderosa saplings used in the Sun Dance. Ute Food Uses: One Ute consultant reported that until the 1930s women regularly gathered a sweet sap, called bi'ag'emi, from the stands of ponderosa. Individual trees were rarely tapped more than once, and markings made by the tapping process identified which ones had already been used ( 4.2). The use of ponderosa sap and the methods of its procurement are also described by Pettit ( 1990: 29). Ute Medicinal and Ritual Uses: An important part of the Sun Dance requires that young people gather the boughs from ponderosa saplings which are about ten years old. These are gathered all along the Uinta River and should not be disturbed ( 4.1). The ceremonial and symbolic importance of pine in the Sun Dance is also noted in Joseph Jorgensen's material ( 1972: 182, 205). 49 |