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Show One stand is located in Uinta Canyon ( 1.2), and others are seen in Whiterocks Canyon ( 1.1; 4.2) which is considered the choicest location ( 4.2). Ute Food Uses: Many sources indicate that the Utes utilized the seeds of the pinion for food ( Chamberlin 1909a: 35; Lowie 1924: 250; Lang 1953: 8; Jones 1955: 215; Lyman and Denver 1970: 86; Smith 1974a: 270; Fowler 1986: 76; Pettit 1990: 27), although Chamberlin lists the Pinus monophylla or single leaf pinion rather than Pinus edulis. Ute consultants reported that the Utes still use pinion nuts ( 1.4), although it is also noted that they favor the varieties from Nevada because local ones are much smaller ( 4.2). Smith ( 1974a: 65) and Jones ( 1955: 215) also report that the inner bark of the pine was eaten. Stewart ( 1942: 252) indicated that pinion pitch was used as a chewing gum. Uses in Manufacture by Utes: Other parts of the pinion were also used by the Utes. C. Chapoose ( Oral History, American West Center, 1960 No. 7), and Taylor, Pete, and Pendelton et al. ( Oral History, American West Center, 1968), mentioned that pine gum was used to waterproof baskets. This use was also reported by Smith ( 1974a: 94). L. B. Titus ( Oral History, American West Center, 1967) said that pinion and squawberry bush sticks were woven together for baskets. Pine wood was also utilized for tipi poles, cups, ladles, bowls, platters, cradles, bows, and saddles and was used to smoke hides to a yellow color ( Lowie 1924: 220, 245; Smith 1974a: 37, 82,96,103,117). Uses by Neighboring Populations in the Great Basin: The Southern Paiute ( Fowler 1986: 76) and Gosiute ( Chamberlin 1911: 377) utilized the nuts of both species for food. As indicated by Fowler ( 1986: 92- 3), pine nuts are extremely high in fats, and were a significant plant staple for many Great Basin groups. This is significant if, as suggested, many Great Basin diets were " low if not insufficient" in fats. Pine nuts continue to be collected by Great Basin Indians for their own use as well as for sale. A. l., 15 Oak ( Quercus sp., Fagaceae): In Ute, one name given is " qwe'iive" ( Wardle 1969: 9). Reported Location: According to Goodrich and Neese ( 1986: 155), oaks are occasional to abundant in the mountain brush zones on the south flanks of the Uintas. ECOTONE ( 1995) does not list any oaks on the reservation. Ute Food Uses: Acorns appear to be have been rarely collected by the Utes. One consultant ( 1.4) said that only the Paiutes used acorns. Jones ( 1955: 215), quoting a report by W. A. Ferris ( 1844), indicates that the Utes ate acorns. Stewart ( 1942: 250) also listed the Utes as using acorns for food. 45 |