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Show deerskins. One consultant ( 4.1) spoke of times in the recent past when Navajo, Hopi, and Lakota would come to the reservation to trade for skins. Use by Neighboring Populations in the Great Basin: Fowler ( 1986: 80) indicated that all Great Basin populations depended on this species for food. B. 1.2 Elk ( Cervus canadensis or elaphus, Cervidae): The Ute name is " pah re'" ( Wardle 1969: 18). Reported Locations: After being severely depleted during the years of the Great Depression ( b. i), there has been an impressive return of the elk stock in the Uinta mountain area. Sparks ( 1981: 47) reports that elk are in the northeast section of Utah, in semi- open forests and mountain meadows in the summer and brushy foothills and wind- swept ridges in winter. Towanta Flats ( 3.1; 4.1), Monarch Bench ( 4.2), John Starr Flat ( 3.1; 4.2) and the bottom part of Coyote Basin ( 3.1) are all reported as wintering areas for elk. Again, the Lake Fork- Yellowstone Pipeline was considered a potential problem in terms of disturbing the migratory path of elk to the Towanta Flats region ( 3.1; 4.3). And finally, locales north of Tridell are also considered important for elk hunting ( 3.1). Ute Uses and Methods of Procurement: The Utes commonly used the ambush, game call, single hunter stalking, and drive method of hunting elk ( Stewart 1942: 240; Pettit 1990: 38- 9). The ethnographic material reports that the bow and arrow was used by all Ute groups for killing elk ( Stewart 1942: 240). Currently most hunters use the gun ( 4.2; Smith 1974a: 55). As reported by Janetski ( 1983: 63) from Stewart ( 1942: 240- 4) and by Pettit ( 1990: 38), most large game animals like elk were and still are hunted individually. However, Smith ( 1974a: 55) and Pettit ( 1990: 38) reported elk being hunted in the deep snows of winter by groups by either a surround and shoot, or chased across snow on snowshoes until the exhausted animal stopped and was then shot. Not only was the meat of the elk eaten, and boiled bone grease eaten ( Sloane 1950: 319; Garner and Hawley 1950: 325; Smith 1974a: 46, 49; Fowler 1986: 80), but the hide and horn were also important. Today, elk remains a favorite source of meat ( 3.1; 4.4). Elk hides were used similarly to deer hides, but were also large enough to make tipi covers ( Lowie 1924: 216, 220; Smith 1974a: 38). The horn was used as a wedge for cutting wood prior to the introduction of metal axes ( Smith 1974a: 115). The Utes also used the teeth of elk in hand games and for decoration on clothing ( Lowie 1924: 257; Pettit 1990: 47- 9). Use by Neighboring Populations in the Great Basin: Fowler ( 1986: 80) indicated that while some neighboring populations to the Utes hunted elk, this species was not widespread throughout the region. 79 |
