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Show conifer, aspen, juniper, sagebrush and palustrine/ shrub areas on the Uintah- Ouray Reservation. Although Callaway et al. ( 1986: 338) suggest the scopulorum variety, the osteosperma , is more abundant in this area. Although white cedar is widespread, specific locations of cedars are reported with special importance for the Utes. Along the Whiterocks River and Canal are locations considered to be " choice" areas for cedars used in ceremonial contexts ( 1.1; 3.1; 4.2). Cedars used specifically in the Sun Dance are located along the Uintah No. 1 Canal between the river and the first creek/ feeder canal. One consultant ( 4.2) emphasized that this area should not be disturbed. Also of importance are cedars located along the Bench Canal where it crosses U. S. 40 ( 1.2). Ute Food Uses: Although juniper berries were eaten by the Utes, according to Smith ( 1974a: 270) and Callaway et al. ( 1986: 338), only one of the Ute consultants ( 2.1) identified cedars as a source of food. Ute Medicinal and Ritual Uses: All of the consultants spoke about the importance of cedar in spiritual matters. One noted that there are different kinds: a greyish cedar ( probably /. osteosperma) employed mostly by medicine men, and another type ( probably /. scopulorum) used by Utes for their personal prayers and other religious purposes ( 1.2). Ute consultants indicated that cedar boughs are used for general ritual cleansing ( e. g. purifying the home) ( 2.1; 3.1), in specific ceremonies such as the Sun Dance ( 4.1), and to ward off evil ( 2.1). The importance and use of cedar boughs and wood in the Sun Dance is well- documented in ethnographic sources ( Jorgensen 1972: 180, 184, 205; Smith 1974a: 182). M. Harris ( Oral History, American West Center, 1969) mentioned that cedar berries were good for medicinal purposes as well; according to one of the Ute consultants ( 2.1), they are used as medicine for treating colds. Other Uses by the Utes: Taylor, Pete, Pendelton et al. ( Oral History, American West Center, 1967) indicated that a brown color was given to white hides by smoking it with cedar bark. It was also reported to be used in smoking deer meat ( 4.2) and as a wood source for the making of certain types of bows, cups, ladles, bowls, and platters. The bark was used as bedding, building shelters, and as tinder for fires, the brush for making shelters, and cedar gum was used as a glue for flute making ( Lowie 1924: 220, 222; Smith 1974a: 35, 37, 105, 108). Uses by Neighboring Great Basin Populations: The Shoshones and Paiutes use the berries and terminal twigs for colds and coughs, blood tonics, hemorrhages, fevers, stomachaches, kidney trouble, influenza, venereal disease, worms, sore throat, toothaches and swollen gums, antiseptic wash for measles and other sores, poultice for burns, rheumatism and swellings, as a burned fumigant, and for heart trouble ( Train et al. 1974: 93- 5). The Gosiutes ate the berries, used the leaves for coughs and colds, bark for 43 |
