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Show 23) THE DESCENT OF MAN. PAnT Jl~ called races. Nevertheless such early races would perhaps have been ranked by some n~tural~sts ~s distinct species, so arbitrary is the term, If their differences, although extremely slight, had been more constant than at present, and had not graduated into each other. It is, however, possible, though far from probable,. that the early progenitors of man might at first have diverged much in character, uutil they became more unlike each other than are any existing races; but that subsequently, as suggested by Vogt,21 they conver?ed in character. vVhen man selects for the same obJect the offsprinO' of two distinct species, he sometimes-b • d induces, as far as general appearance IS concerne , a considerable amount of convergence. This is the case, as shewn by Von N athusius,22 with the improved breeds of pigs, which are descended from two distinct species; and in a less well-marked manner with the impro;ved breeds of cattle. A great anatomist, Gratiolet,. maintain& that the anthropomorphous apes do not form a natural sub-group; but that the orang is a highly developed gibbon or semnopithecus; the chimpanzeea. highly developed macacus; and the gorilla a highly developed mandrill. If this conclusion, which restsalmost exclusively on brain-characters, be admitted,. we should have a case of convergence at least in external characters, for the anthropomorphous apes are certainly more like each other in many points than they are to other apes. All analogical resemblances, as of a whale to a fish, may indeed be said to be cases of convergence; but this term has never been applied to superficial and adaptive resemblances. It jJ 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat. 1864, p. 468. ~~ 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 46. 'Vorstudien fUr Geschichte, &c., Schweineschadel,' 1864:, s. 104. With respect to cattle,. soo M. de Quatrefages, 'Unite de l'Espece Humaine.' 1861, p. 119. CHAP. VII. THE RACES OF M.AN. 231 would be extremely rash in most cases to attribute to convergence close similarity in many points of structure in beings which had once been widely different. The form of a crystal is determined solely by the molecular forces, and it is not surprising that dissimilar substances should sometimes assume the same form ; but with organic beings we should bear in mind that the form of each depends on an infinitude of complex relations, namely on the variations which have arisen, these being due to causes far too intricate to be followed out,-on the nature of the variations which have been preserved, and this depends on the surrounding physical conditions, and in a still higher degree on the surrounding organisms with which each has come into competition,-and lastly, on inheritance (in itself a fluctuating element) from innumerable progenitors, all of which have had their forms determined through equally complex relations. It appears utterly incredible that two organisms, if differing in a marked manner, should ever afterwards converge so closely as to lead to a near approach to identity throughout their whole organisation. In the case of the convergent pigs above referred to, evidence of their descent from two primitive stocks is still plainly retained, according to Von Nathusius, in certain bones of their skulls. If the races of man were descended, as supposed by some naturalists, from two or more distinct species, which had differed as much, or nearly as much, from each other, as the orang differs from the gorilla, it can hardly be doubted that marked differences in the structure of certain bones would still have been discoverable in man as he now exists. Although the existing races of man differ in many respects, as in colour, hair, shape of skull, proportions of the body, &r., yet if their whole organisation be taken |