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Show 40 THE DESCENT OF MAN. P..tRT I. and timidity are extremely variable qualities in the individuals of the same species, as is plainly seen in our dogs. Some dogs and horses are ill-tempered and easily turn sulky; others are good-tempered; and these qualities are certainly inherited. Every one knows how liable animals are to furious· rage, and how plainly they show it. Many anecdotes, probably true, have been published on the long-delayed and artful revenge of various animals. The accurate Rengger and Brehm 7 state that the American and African monkeys which they kept tame, certainly revenged themselves. The love of a dog for his master is notorious ; in the agony of death he has been known to caress his master, and every one bas beard of the dog suffering under vivisection, who licked the hand of the operator; this man, unless he had a heart of stone, must have felt remorse to the last hour of his life. As Whewell 8 has remarked, "who that reads the touching instances of " maternal affection, related so often of the women of '' all nations, and of the females of all animals, can " doubt that the principle of action is the same in the " two cases ? " We see maternal affection exhibited in the most trifling details; thus Rengger observed an American monkey (a Cebus) carefully driving away the flies which plagued her infant; and Duvaucel saw a Hylobates washing the faces of her young ones in a stream. So intense is the grief of female monkeys for the loss of their young, that it invariably caused the death of certain kinds kept under confinement by Brehm in N. ; All the following statements, given on the authority of these two naturalists, are taken from Rengger's ' Naturges. der Saugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 41-57, and from Brehm's 'Thierleben,' B. i. s. 10-87. 8 ' Bridgewater Treatise,' p. 263. C HAP. II. l\lENTAL POWERS. 41 Africa. Orphan-monkeys were always adopted and ~arefully guarded by the other monkeys, both males and females. One female baboon had so capacious a heart that she not only adopted young monkeys of other species, but stole young dogs and cats, which she continually carried about. Her kindness, however, did not go so far as to share her food with her adopted offspring, at which Brehm was ~urpr~sed, a~ his m~nkeys always divided everything qmte fairly with their own young ones. An adopted kitten scratched. the abovementioned affectionate baboon, who certamly had a fine intellect, for she was much astonished at being scratched, and immediately examined the kitten's feet, and without more ado bit off the claws. In the Zoological Gardens, I heard from the keeper that an old baboon (C. chacma) had adopted a Rhesus monkey; but when a young drill and mandrill were placed in the cage, she seemed to perceive that these monkeys, though distinct species, were her nearer relatives, for she at once rejected the Rhesus and adopted both of them. The young Rhesus, as I saw, was greatly discontented at being thus rejected, and it would, like a naughty child, annoy and attack the young drill and mandrill whenever it could do so with safety; this conduct exciting great indignation in the old baboon. Monkeys will also, according to Brehm, defend their master when attacked by any one, as well as dogs to whom they are attached, from the attacks of other .dogs. But we here trench on the subject of sympathy, to which I shall recur. Some of Brehm's monkeys took much delight in teasing, in various ingenious ways, a certain old dog whom they disliked, as well as other animals. l\fost of the more complex emotions are common to the higher animals and our~:<elves. Every one bas seen |