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Show 468 DARWINISM CllAl'. of social life their appreciation of music appea,rs to rise in proportion; ~nd we find among them rude stringed instrum.ents and whistles, till, in Ja,va, we have regular bands o~ .skilled performers proba,bly the successors of Hindoo musi~Iaus of the age before the Mahometan .conques~ .. The Egyptians are believed to have been the earhest musJCmns, and from them the Jews and the Greeks, no doubt, derived their knowledge of the art; but it seems to be admitted that neither tho lat~er nor the Romans knew anything of harmony or of the ess01~tml features of modern music.! Till the fifteenth century httle progress appears to hav~ been made ~n the science or ~he practice of music; but smce that .era 1t ~1as advanced ~th marvellous ntpidity, its progress bemg cunously parallel :•11th that of mathematics, inasmuch as great musiCal ~emus~s appeared suddenly among different nations, equal m th01r possession of this special faculty to any that have since arisen. As with the mathematical, so with the musical facul~y, it is impossible to trace any connec~ion between its possessiOn and survival in the struggle for existence. It seems to have arisen as a 1·esltlt of social and intellectual advancement, not as a W1tse · and there is some evidence that it is latent in the lower rac~s, since under European training native milit~ry bands have been formed in many parts of the world, whJCh have been able to perform creditably the best modern music. The artistic hculty has run a somewhat different course, though analogous to that of the facultie.s al!·eady. discuss~d. Most savages exhibit some rudiments of 1t, either m dr~wm g or carving human or animal figures ; but, almost without exception these fiaures are rude and such as would he executed 'by the o~dinary inartistic child. In fact, m_odcr.u savages are, in this respect hardly equal to t~ose prolm;~onc men who· represented the mammoth a~d the remdeer 01~ p1e?c~ of horn or bone. With any advance m the arts of soCialllfe, we have a corresponding advance in artistic skill and. ta~t c, rising very high in the art of Japan and India, ?ut culnnmtt~ng in the marvellous sculpture of the best perwd of. Grecl<~n history. In the Middle Ages art was chiefly mamfested m 1 See "History of Music," in Eng. Cyc., Science and Arts Division. XV DARWINISM APPLIED TO MAN 469 ecclcs~astical arc.hitecturo and the illumination of manuscripts, but. fion~ the tlnrteenth to the fifteenth centuries pictorial art reviVedm Italy and attained to a degree of perfection which has never been . urpas ed. This revival was followed closely by t~10 schools of ~ermany, the Nether lands, Spain, France, and England, .showmg that the true artistic faculty belonged t? no one nn,twn, but was fairly distributed among the various European races. ~he. e e~eml developments of the artistic faculty, whether mamfe. ted m sculpture, painting, or architecture, are evi< lent~y o:ltgrowths of the human intellect which have no immediate mfiuence on tho nrvival of individuals or of tribes or on th~ success of nations in their struggles for supremac; or f?r ex1. tence.. The glorious art of Greece dicl not prevent the natwn from fallmg under the swn,y of the less advanced Roman· while we ourselves, among whom art was the latest to arise' have tn,ken the lead in the colonisation of the world thu~ proving our mixed race to be tho fittest to survive. ' Independent. Proof that the Mathematical, Musical, and A 1·tistic Faculhes have not been Developed 'ttnde1· the L£tw of Nat,ural Selection. . Th~ law of Nat ural ~ election or the survival of the fittest Is, a 1ts name. im_p~ies, a rigid law, which acts by the life or death of the mdividuals submitted to its action. From its very nature it can act only on u eful or hurtful characteristics eliminating the latt01: and keeping up the former to a fairl; general level of efficwncy. Hence it necessarily follows that the . ch~n~cters developed by its means will be present in all the md~vH.luals of a species, and, though varying, will not vary very widely from a common standard. The amount of variation we fonnd, in our third chapter, to be about one-fifth or one-sixth of the mean value-that is, if the mean value were taken at 100, the variations would reach from 80 to 120 or somewhat m~re, if. very large numbers were compared. ' In accordance With this law we find, that all those characters in man which were certainly e~sential to him during his early stage of. development, ex1 t m all savages with some approach to. equa!1ty. In the speed of running, in bodily strength, in slnll With weapons, in acuteness of vision, or in power of |