| OCR Text |
Show xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FlO. PAQ.,; 20. RECOGNITION OF ffiDICNEMUS VERMICULATUS AND CE. SENEGA-LENSIS (from Seebohm's Ohamd;riadce) 223 21. RECOGNITION OF CUUSORIUS CHALCOPTERUS AND C. GALLICUS (from Seebohm's Oharadriadce) 224 22. RECOGNITION OF SCOLOPAX MEGALA AND S. STENURA (from Seebohm's Oharadriadce) 225 23. METHONA PSIDII AND LEPTALIS ORISE. 241 24. 0PTHALMIS LINOEA AND ARTAXA SIMUI,AN~ (from the Official Narrative of the Voyage of the Challenger) 25. WINGS OF !TUNA lLIONE AND THYUIDIA MEGISTO (from Proceedings of the Entomological Society) . 26. MYGNIMIA AVICULUS AND COLOBORHOMBUS FASCIATIPENNIS 27. MIMICKING INSECTS FROM THE PHILIPPINES (from Semper's Anirnal Life) . 28. MALVA SYLVESTRIS AND M. ROTUNDIFOLIA (from Lubbock's British Wild Flowers in Relation to Insects) . 29. LYTHRUM SALICARIA, THREE FORMS OF (from Lubbock's B1·itislt Wild Flowers in Relation to Insects) . 30. ORCHIS PYRAMIDALIS (from Darwin's Fertilisation of Orchids). 31. HUMMING-BIRD FERTILISING MARCGRAVIA NEPENTHOIDES 32. DIAGRAM OF MEAN HEIGHT OF LAND AND lJEPTH OF OCEANS 33. GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT O.F THE HOHSE TRIBE (from Huxley's American Addresses) . 34. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS (from Ward's Sketch of Palceobotany). 35. TRANSFORMATION OF ARTEMIA SALINA TO A. MILHAUSENII (from Semper's Animal Life) . 36. BRANCHIPUS STAGNALIS AND ARTEMIA SALINA (from Semper's Animal Life) . 37. CHIMPANZEE (TIWGWDYTES NIGER) 247 251 259 260 311 312 314 320 345 388 402 426 427 454 CHAPTER I WHAT AR}i~ " SPECIEH," AND WHAT IS MEANT BY THEIR " ORIGIN " Definitiou of species-Special creation-Th e early TrnnsmutationistsScientific opinion before Darwin-The problem before DarwinThe change of opinion effected by Darwin- The Darwinian theory -Proposed mode of treatment of the s ubject. THE title of Mr. Darwin's great work is-On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection and the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Str'ttggle for Life. In order to appreciate fully the aim and object of this work, and the change which it has effected not only in natural history but in many other sciences, it is necessary to form a clear conception of the meaning of the term "species," to know what was the general belief regarding them at the time when Mr. Darwin's book first appeared, and to understand what he meant, and what was generally meant, by discovering their "origin." It is for want of this preliminary knowledge that the majority of educated persons who are not naturalists arc so ready to accept the innumerable objeetions, criticisms, and difficulties of its opponents as proofs that the Darwinian theory is unsound, while it also renders them unable to appreciate, or even to comprehend, the vast change which that theory has effected in the whole mass of thought and opinion on the great question of evolution. The term "species" was thus defined by the celebrated botanist De Candolle : " A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble "'each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by mutual fecundation @!; B |
