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Show mons. The beehive and other motifs such as the all-seeing eye, phrases such as "holiness to the Lord," and clasped hands were common to such groups as the Masons, a fraternal organization to which many of the early Mormon leaders belonged. The question why these particular symbols were used is not central to this discussion;2 what is central is the fact that the symbols worked and that they were infused into uniquely Mormon contexts. As Laurel Andrew has suggested in her book on early Mormon temples, the Mormons were predisposed to the use of such symbolism: "As millennialists, they regarded the visible world as a metaphor for religious truths and saw in all natural objects and social events the workings of divine purpose."3 At a meeting in the Nauvoo Temple a short time before the Mormon exodus from Illinois, Brigham Young articulated the belief that man could also use visual statements to reinforce God's immanent concern with the daily lives of his Saints: / will do my utmost to break down everything that divides. I will not have disunion and contention, and I mean that there shall not be a fiddle in the Church but what has 'Holiness to the Lord' upon it, nor a flute, nor a trumpet, nor any other instrument of music.4 Group solidarity could thus be strengthened by a recurring visual reminder of God's interest in even the seemingly mundane (Figs. 110 and 112). The all-seeing eye came to be used for this purpose. The isolation of the Great Basin provided Mormons an opportunity to build an economic, political, and spiritual kingdom which could prepare for Christ's second coming and his earthly millennial reign. Whatever the final successes of such planning, Brigham Young's projections were imposing. The all-seeing eye, which exhibited God's interest in all of man's endeavors, was often used on buildings, periodicals, and certificates as a symbol of this preparatory kingdom. At a time when Mormon shoppers were encouraged to boycott "gentile" businesses in order to buttress the economic aspects of the kingdom, the all-seeing eye was displayed on signs over Mormon businesses (Figs. 114-16).5 However, the all-seeing eye and other symbols such as clasped hands, the compass, and the sun, moon, and stars used during Utah's territorial period did not, for the most part, survive the nineteenth century (Figs. I l l and 113). But neither did the political and economic kingdom which the early Saints had envisioned. The communal united order system failed, and plural marriage was discontinued in the face of intense external pressure. The Church also extricated itself from political and economical endeavors formerly associated with the Kingdom in an effort to gain statehood 113 |