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Show 374 37S co-operated to bring it to success. Other international congresses were held at London in 1850, 1890 and 1908. Between the first and the last of these congresses the Peace Movement has become recognized as the greatest reform of the age. The tlowing visions of its apostles, once laughed at or treated with disdainfnl silence, are now embodied in the law of the world. Arbitration. by treaty agreement, as a rational substi« tute for war, securing justice through an international court always ready to sit in judgment on controversies, this with two llafr‘ue Conferences, the last of which brought together all the civilized nations, preparing the way for the future Parliament of Alan. is the astounding result of an organized agitation for less than a hundred years. \Vhen the last congress met at London it revealed the deterurination of the thinking world, of philanthropists, scholars and statesmen, of ministers, lawyers and business men, to see the unfinished work of this movement carried forward to its logical completion. Delegates from two hundred and fifty societies, rep- laws. It protested against the use of airships in warfare, and asked all the states who had not then given their signatures to sign the convention which prohibits the throwing of explosives and projectiles from balloons. lt asked that all innocent merchant ships and their cargoes be exempted from capture on the high seas in time of war, a measure for which the United States has for nearly a century stood committed, and which awaits but the sanction of Great Britain and two or three other opposing world powers to become incorporated into international law. It called attention to the vast stuns of money which had been spent upon armaments between the First and Second Hague Conference, and proposed that Great Britain lead all the governments in :1 limitation of military and naval budgets by an agreement for a short term of years. Trade union members and wage earners, who are now among the most advanced advocates of peace and consequently of the limitation of armaments, which they believe are a menace to peace as well as an intolerable burden of expense to the working men, were invited to take part in future congresses, to be in the organized movement and not separated from it, and as a part of the established, not merely of the occasional order of things. The congress reaffirmed its old position of previous congresses, that peace principles should be taught alike to the pupils of schools and to the college students, that teachers should be associated with peace societies in popularizing these principles, that military training and all militarist propaganda should be kept out of the schools as detrimental to true educa- tion, and that a more humane interpretation of history take the place of the glorification of war. The congress extended its sympathy for all measures that tend to bring,r justice to oppressed peoples, and urged upon Turkey, at that moment by peaceful resenting twent ‘ive nations from the far East and the near East, revolution placed under a constitutional government, fair dealing from Western l:tu'ope, (in-eat Britain and the Americas, assem- bled in Caxton Hall to discuss and present to the public the things most necessary to be done. The congress recognized the great accomplishments of the Second Hague Conference, which had met but a year before. It recommended that the international life, the solidarity of which that conference was the best illustra- tion, should be organized hereafter, not only in the shape of a Court and congress, but with an executive power to enforce the with all classes of her people. But a peace congress is not to be judged wholly by its resolutions; these register its matured thought and are the central point towards which the work of the delegates is directed; but they give no idea of that picturesque and even more significant side of public sentiment which is revealed in the attitude of the community where a congress is held and in the speeches made at popular gatherings. I said that the congress passed resolutions The London Peace Congress of I908 REV. J. L. TRYON The progress of the peace movement is registered by its international congresses. The tirst of these congresses was held in London in 1843 and was the realization of a suggestion made by Joseph Sturge, a member of the Society of Friends in Birming- ham, England. Mr. Sturge, while on a visit to Boston, impressed the idea of an international conference of peace workers upon the American l'eace Society, which, as in the case with the New York and Chicago National Congresses, became its initiator and |