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Show 2‘17 at )6 lies to ratify in 190", without question. the acts of the conference of ISoo, in which they were not represented. And, above all, it induced thirty of the thirty-six small powers to accept the lnter~ national l'rize Court, although the principle of its constitution was held to violate the absolute equality of sovereign states. As indie» ative of the spirit in which this court was accepted by the small powers. may be noted the words of Mr llagerup, of Norway, who said that although his country's merchant marine ranked fourth among all the powers of the world, it would nevertheless accept the eleventh place assigned it in the distribution of judges. The power of this redoubtable sovereign of international public opinion was evident in countless other instances during the conferences: but enough of these have here been stated to show that, behind the gt,>\'ernn'ients of the world in their dealings with each other. there is the same irresistible power which guides, cliecl's and spurs onward the various governments in their national affairs. The old economic theory that one nation's loss is another nation's gain has longr since been exploded. In diplomatic transac- tions this theory has not yet been (liscarded; but at The Hague, in the presence of common needs and common interests, a clear view was caught of the fact which will be embodied in some future conference that international solidarity requires the observs ance of the rule Of "each for all. and all for each," and that it will enable the gain of one member of the family to be a genuine and permanent one only when that gain is based upon a strict observance of the rights of all the other members, Turning to the great code of international law which was incorporated in the sixteen conventions and four declarations of the conferences, we stand in the presence of the stupendous fact that within our time and under our very eyes an event has transpired which is comparable with the publication of the Twelve Tables in ancient Rome or the compilatitm of the laws of our Teutonic forefathers lior at The llague was codified into con- crete tcr tional law a vast mass of international custom which had been more or less \ague. disputalrle, and unapplied. More than this. the, most daring innovations which have ever been introducrd into international law far more, daring than tho-c which camc- from the hands. of lingo Grotius and the master builders of the stit'm'es-wrrc made authoritatively by the official delegates of the nations at The Hague. This great body of codified custom and new law. together with thi- approximate acceptance of the principle of international solidarity, has caused the veritable revolution in international law which has been already referred to. and has made the student of that science feel himself to be in the presence of a new heaven and a new earth. "To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world." The farts here submitted will be grouped under the three headings: The alleviatinm of warfare's horrors, Its restriction within narrow limits, and The means for its pre- vention. In the alleviation of \varfares horrors. the llague Confer ent‘cs have far surpassed the reforms accomplished or suggested hr the Conventions of tieneva of 1864 and IRES. the Declaration of St. l'etersburgr in 1:908, and the Declaration of lirussels in 1874. lior at The Hague the Red Cross rules were applied for the tirst‘ time to warfare on the sea, and a careful revision and development of them as applied to warfare on the land was pro< vided for in ISoo and accomplished in Iooo: by the vote of every government, except that of the L'nited States, the mnferenecs prohibited the use of bullets which expand or tlatten easily in. the human body, and of projectiles the object of which is the (llllll' sion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases; they forbade the bone by bardment of undefended ports, towns, dwellings or buildings artillerv in the air, on the land or on the sea, and at the same inva- time they permitted seaports to protect themselves against 1111\ch sion bv the use of anchored mines. and yet, as technically invading fended. to remain immune from bombardment by the of sixty force. i The Conference of 1890 adopted a great code more rules and regulations, some of which had been urged‘dnring , ‘ gned to prethan a quarter of a century. and all of which are d litttht‘ctttlvent the evils of warfare from fallingr upon pcatttul in the field hatants, and to alleviate the sufferings of the soldier with the means and as a prisoner of war. These rules have to do in win". ‘l‘1"‘» primincrs , belligerents with enemv, the of injuring 1 . lllt ‘ tn"I lllllt all t if Hi‘t'tt' ‘ and ' i " ttions capnuli i I ice. llélfl'fi ot. truce, armist pied territorv. nit-ntiontt Thev are far too numerous even to be be tsiimated by the Iact in this paper, but their importance may |