Political text-book for 1860 : comprising a brief view of presidential nominations and elections, including all the national platforms ever yet adopted ... with the most notable speeches and letters of Messrs. Lincoln, Douglas, Bell, Cass, Seward, Everett, Breckinridge, H.V. Johnson, etc., etc., touching the questions of the day : and returns of all presidential elections since 1836

Page 31

50 A POLITICAL TEX'l'-BOOK lWR 1860. · k f our I tions o:1 emancipation: Mn ryland adopted both It is very common nt th1s dny to Fipen ° 1 . of th e~e in 178;). North-Carolina, in 17 , H, de-revolutionary struggle .ns co;!11~L:ncc~ aiHl 1 1ur: cltn'e<l. the illtroduction of lave:; into thar Slate ri l'tl forwarJ by!\ UlllOil OJ {'lee .Ull[l ' ,IV~ " of' e,.·11 CO il "(jllence aut.l hi 0 ,.,.h\v illll>Oiitic," · I · · t t ' ·tct owev •r '" • . colomes; but ~c 1 ~~ no ,.,. 1 . ·,;i;; · laver. ex· and impo ed It duty of £5 per· head the reon. sk.ldcr RIHl <lubtOug ItS leoal IJ,l. . ' sh ) . d ~ew-York 'llHl Kc w-Jer~cy follow ed the l'X<Ull ple · 1 · 1 ·1 all of the colome t at mnte - < • • 1:3tet Ill cac I anu . . . _1 d of 'T1 · r ,.,.itlh nutl M·u·,•land inclnJ1n" the dolli eS· 1 I tl 'utam th<'ll' muepen cuce. 0 l • ·' ' n to t cc arc an ron~ 1 s -111 tic in the ·tme interdict with tlte foreign ~l an~· I - ·e p ·oportton·tte y more numerou · · ~t' c. we r . 1 1 ' tl . b t the were traue. Xcith ct· of these State~, howcvt•r, <lc-cer to.tn_ pot:tiOns .of til~ S~~~ ~t tl~e Nor{lt ad- cl:u·•u a general emancipation untillll:tlt)' year;:~ h~:u._w~t~\m:r~~·;r \1~~:3~~ ~nd sold ~t auc~ion, th ereafte r, antl Slavery JiJ not '~hoi}:- cea~e in v~, tlsC rw•i:~ a~ocl::attcls. Vermont, then a ter· ~icw-York until about 18,30, u_ot·.m ~ e w-J.e1:sc.v ~\ o~h~ d's' 1te between New-llnrnp::;hire and till a 1 lltuch later dat_c. 'lhe l~ISLtnCIJOll of l! :·ee N 1 01 Yy 111 1 1 ptd "tb e ·y re•v c·1 ew- or ( nn WI y 1 v·1tize ·l inh·tbi- and 'lan~ State , wtth the kmdred assumption l' ' ' u . . b t 1 xr . I ,l t•a n t ~ m:u· u'1 y on 1't s Southertl n11u.1 Eastern bor- o, f a tltttural antag omsm e ween t te .nOI t 1 o.nu 1 1 . , tl , f tt tiers ' is probably the only portion of the revolu- oml1, ,~·as utter y un dlO\\ n to 1e men o .1e •· .' · onfedcration never polluted by the He,·ol ut•on. . "1 011 ~1 Yf c I Defore the Dccl:trat•on of Intlepc ntl cncc, but trcau o a ave. . 1 · f t •I ··I· ·, , .J. 1 · Tl1 e sp.m ' t o f }1' b et ·t '•, ·'L l'OU' eU or in ten ifictl Olll'l ll'":' t le Ill te nse · Cl'lllen · \\ lfi' C I pt CCt.:uC1! · It, •· 1 t ted t·1·tw!l'lo of the colonists antl d1. t ractcd public attention rom e vcry t 11ng u y ·t 1et prso raed .. 11 -1 ·tobnu sed power in the cb e Loru ~1a n ·fi· e 1 1 1 d d d 1 · · 1 :tgams u urpe .• u • . ' -· , ll L 1a rcr1 e re ll:-l JU< gment 1 1 · •1 . •II ,.1 'I . . r ·other country soon founJ it elf en era ,.,.ed in {rom the h.mg s enc 1, w 11c 1 ex pc cu a ' e• y ~~~turn! antagoni'sm ngain t the CLHTentfo~·m of ~·rom E:1glan.d, and ought t? h:tvc. de_st.r~ycd !L domestic de poti m. "Uow shall we compbin 1.11 the eolomcs a:3 well. 'l he pl:untdl 1~1 t lJIS of arbitrary or unliruited powet· exerted over u , fam_ous ca~c . was Jo.!ll?:S .s?mCr$ct, a nat ive of while we exert a stillmore despotic and inex- Afncn, can~• etl to Vu·g1~1m n.' u. slave, tak.cn cu-able power over a dependent nntl benighted tl_tencc by h~ ~ ma:3tcr t? Bnqla~d, a.ntl th e re ~~~­race ?" was very fairly asked. Several suits ct te~ to rcs1. t the cl:\lln. of lu . mas ter· to Ins w en~ bt·ougbt in Ma sachusetts-where the fires servwes, o.ntl assert h_ts ngl~t to ltherty. .In the of liberty burnt ear lie t and urightest-to test first recorded c~sc,, mvol vm~ the lc galtt~ of the le!l'al right of slave-holtling; and the lcatl- motlern SlaYcry m. Buglaud, tt was held ·(1 o77) ing Whigs gave th eir money and th cit· legal that n egroe~, "l>e111g usually bou_ght nnJ sold ,;cn ·ices to support these actions, which we re an~o n ~ ~n e reh an ts u~ merchandt:c, .u.ld ~lso "Cncrally' on one crroun<l or auothcr, succc s- bemg wfidels, there nught be a. prope r ty 111 them 1t"'1u l. Efl'o' rts for an eox press l:t w of emancipation, u fln.: c1. enL to m:~1.1 1 ta.m . trover. " n u t t I11. ~ . w~s however·, failed even in Ma~sachu etts ; the overruleu by Cl11cf J usttce Holt from the h.lllg s Lerri lature1 do~l>tle~s, apprehending that such B c ucl~ (l ~ !J7,) ruling .that ",~o soon a~ a n eg~;o a measure, by :~.1Lenatu1g t.he slavc-holdet·s, would lauds 111 Engluud, he 1s free; a!lll agaut, ( l7U .... ) iut:rca e the uumb •r· autl power of the 'l'ol'ies; that " there i no such thing us a slave by the but inl777, a. privateer having brought a lot of law of Englo.ntl." 'l'hi.:~ juJgment proving ex­captured slaves into Jamaica, aud ndverti cd cecdiu ..,.ly troublesome to plau tcrs nnd mer·· th t>m for sale, the General Court, as the Le:-ris- chants from slave-holding colonies vi sit ing the lu.ti •e Assembly was calletl, in terferetl n.nd hatl mother country wi th their servau t, , the merchan~a them set at liberty. 'l'he first Continental Con- concerned in the American tmde, in 17~~. lH'O• gres which resolved to resist the usurpation cured from Yorke unJ Talbot, the Atto rney <tnd oppres ions of Great Britain by force, had General and olicitor· General of the Crown, a :d t·e ady declared that our struggle woultl l>e wri tten opinion that negroes, legally en ·la,·ed ' ' for the rights of human nature," which the elsewhere, might be hclJ as slaves in :England, Cong1·c s of 1776, under the lead of Thomas antl that even baptism wa:3 no bar to the mas· J ctl'erson, expanded into the noble atiirmatiou ter's claim. 'l'his opinion wa!::!, in 17-1. (), held to of the right of" all men to life, liberty, and the be sound law by Yor·ke (now Lor·J liartlwiukc,) p u r·~ uit of happiness," contained in the im111or- sitting as judge, on the ground that, if the cou· tal pr·eamble to the Declamtion of lntlcpendencc. tr·ary ruling of Lord Holt were upheld, it would A like averment that "all men arc born free aboli h Slavery in Jamaica or Virginia as well and equal,". was in 1_780 in erted in the Massa· as iu England; British law being paramou~t in chu:;etts Dill of R•ghts; and the Supreme each. Tuus the law stood until Lol'd .\lausheld, Uourt of that State, in 17 3, on an indictment in Somerset's case, reversed it with evident re· of a master for assault anJ battery, held this lu.ctance and after· havin,.,. vainly cntle:wored to dedn.ration a bar to slave-holding henceforth in bring abouL an accomt~odation between the ~lie St~1t?. . parties. When delay would serve uo lon(Ter, A umlar c_lausc m the second ConRtitution of aud a judgment must be rendered, Mauslield ~ew-Ila.mpshrro was held by the courts of that tlcclarcd iL in these memon1.ble wortls: .::;tllte to secure Freedom to every child born therein after its adoption. renusylvadia in 17 0, passed an act probibitinO' the furthe; in· troduction of slaves, and secu~·in!l' Ft·ecdom to all pe1·sons bom in that State ther~after. Con­necticut and Rhode-Island passed similar acts in 1} 84:. Virginia, in 1778, on motion of Mr. J ctlet·son, pr~hibited the further importation of .;la. ves; und HI 17 82, removed 1tll legn.l restric- "We cannot illrect the law: the law must direct u. . . . . The state of Slavery is of such a nature that it Is lnc~(>a.ble of being introduced on a.uy reasons, moral or pohtiCal, but only by positive law, which preserves Its force long after the reasons, occa!oion, anc.l time itsell whence it wa3 create:l is erased from the memory. H Is so ~~ious that nothing' can be sufficient to support it but posttlve law. Whatever inconveniences therefore, muJ follow from the deci!:slon, I cannot say 'that lhill case I: allowed or approved by. tho law of Englu.ntl, aud tliere­fore the black wust bo lllichargeu." TilE STRUGGLE FOR SLAVERY RESTRICTION'. 51 ~h.e natural, if n~t ncces ary, e fft'ct of this ' The re port of tlte commi ttee was 111 tbr dcc•s•on on • In very m these colonies had their followi nrr words · conn0ction with the mother country been con- ~ · tinued, is ufriciently obvious. TnF. J K ~'FY.H.'ON IAN o nn r ~ ,\ KCE, 17 1. R_eM';v~d, That the territo1~11 rf<lffl, or to be c('d 1>d SL .\Ylt.HY UN!H;R THE CON!o'KDERATlON. l•y tiiCb'Vtdu.al fates to the United ,'taLes, whco•o••\'('r Tl_ r · · ~he snme shall havo been purchase(!. of tir e rn(linn 1 C ~ • ~pOt->tt.lon_ ~r management of unpropl<'d mhn!Jitants and offered for sale hy the niter! .'t 'l! e~>, tcrl'l tOne~, pcrtauung to the t hirte0n l'('l' 'Itt sha.ll ~e formed Into a(Idltlonal t.ates, bounded in th£' ~oloni cs uow confederate d as ind ' Pl' ll dent fo llo~~'m g manner, as nearly ns such ces:;ions will ad ro it . State~, early became a subiect of olicitude th at, ~~ to say, northwardly antl l!outhwardly by pandlf' ls .1 of lrttltude, RO tlr:tt each State shall comprehend from and or bickering among t hose States, nntl in south to north, two degrees or latit ude, bcginnin({ to Cong t'CS.'I. By ~he terms. of their cltar:er. , count from the completion of t.hirty-one degr •es north 01 some of the colonrcs had an 1nctcfinite extl• n:-:ion the equato r,; lt he then southern hon ndary of the l'. :. ] I but any terntory northwarrlly of the forty-se\'Cnth dt'!!'rt·<· we tw;u·d y, aHJ were ouly limited hy the power shall make p art of tile State next below. Aud ea~t.- of the g rantor. Many of the c clrarl<•rs <.'Ol l· wardly and westwn.rdly they shall he bounded tho I' on tlicted w:th each other-the ~ar ne Ll'ni tory tl~e 1\l iB~issippl, uy that ri ver on one side, UlHI1 the ~r en-b · · I .1 l I titan of the lowe!lt point of the rapids or the Ohio 011 tlre e lllg me uu e< wit 1in the limi t o f two or more ot h~ri and thos~ adjoining on the cast, hy lhe f- '111111 totally di ·tinct colonies. As the expenses of mendtun on thetr western ~Jide, anli ou their eastem In· the Revolutionary stru!l'O'}e bc!l':tn to bear the meridian of the we11tern capo of tire mouth of lt;l. h ·1 1 °0 e. Great Kanawha. And lire territor·y eastward of Uri~ ht st ea VI )' Oil t lC rcsour·ccs of the tates, it wa meridian, between the Oltio IAlke Erie and Pe;un~, !- keenly fe lt hy some tha t their share in the vn nia, shall he one t:ltate. ' ' · advantages of the expec ted trium ph would be 'l'hat the settlers within the territory so to he pnr­less t h:tn that of others. MaRsachusettt-l Coa- chn_s~d and otfere<l for rmle shall, either on their own , petrt10n or on the order of Congres~ t·eeei ve ant htn·it v necticu t, Ne w-York, Virg inia, Nor th Caroli na from them, with appointments of ti;ne and. place, for a nd Georgia, laid claim to spacious domirtion; their free males of full age to meet together for the ·nr r­outsicle of th cit· proper boundaries . while Ne w- pose of est.ahlil!hing n. temporary w)vernrnent to ;ulupt II:tnlp~hire ' the : onst.itulion and laws of a11y one of tlrt·se ·~tate~,~~· (tiave in Vermont), Uhode J, land, t!tat such l:~ws n_evertliele!ls shall be subject to al tt·ra- Ncw-Jer ey, Mn.t-yland, Delawa re and outh t10n l>.y thetr orcl~nary J,egi!;lature, and to erect, snloj(•rt Carolinn, posse setl no such boast~ d resources to a hke altemttOn, counties or towm;lrips for lite tl<:t'- tion of member:s for their Legibl!ttu re. to meet the war-debts constan tly n.ugn• enting. That such temporary government ~:~hall only contimH' u. 'l,hey urged, the re fore, wi t.h o!J vious j u Lice force in n.n.v Stat ~ until it ~hall have ucquirccl twenty t!tou­thnt theHe une rtual adva.n tap-es ou 0 0'ht to l>~ sanc.I free inhabitan ts, when, giving due proof thercnf to 1 d CongresSJ, they slmll receive from them aulhorltv with SUL'l'e iH ere , and all the lan d.~ included wi tl•in appoi ntments of time !Ulcl place, to call a con\-elit'ic>'r ol the tc rritol'ial limits of the Union, but out ide representative!! to esUtblish a perm:u1ent con!'tirw 1011 of the pt·oper and natuml boundaries of the antl goveru111ent for thernscl ve~:~: Pro7>idetl , Tlwt 1•(1/t several States, rcspecti\'ely, shottl tl be cc tlcJ to t~M tl/·tnpm·w·y atilt JMI'munent (JOI•enunent/1 be estalJ· lu11Led on the11e j)l'ilu·iple.Y as their basiiJ: and held by, Cong ress, in trust for· the co mmo~ l. 'l'hn.t they shn.ll forever remain a part of the benefi t of all the States, and th eir p r·occctls em- United ~tat.es of America. I ·1 P oyc u • ,. f' · f' 1 2. 'l'h:tt in their, pen-wns, property nnd tcrrit on• Ill Sll.Ll · <tCtiOil 0 tIC de l> ts nntl li:tbilit ie · they shall he subject to lire Oovernme'nt of the Uuitt:<j ~f the Conf~clet·ation. This reasonllble requi ·i- States in Congress nflsc rnhled nn<l to the Articles 0 1 t1on was ultunatcly, but with some t·escn ·ntion Confederation in all tho!lc cu~es In which tho origjoal re.spon<l •d to. ' States sh:tll be so :;uhj cct. , 3. 'L'hat they shall he subject to pn.v a part of tl1t: • 1 l'he lf~CtJt C? ntinental Congr·css, under the At·· Federal debts, contntcte<l or to be cont.racle<l 10 l>e ue e ' o onf<'dcration, a.ssemblcd at P hi lade!- apportioned on thent by ongre ·s, according to u\e ~ amt· plt ia, Xov. a, 171-:3, but ll dJ.Olll'llCU IlCXt U:l." to common rule lUrd lllCll);Ut'e hy which apportiOlllllt:ll t:i ' thereof shall be ruadc on the other l:it :.~. tcs. Annapolis, Mtl. 'l'he House was soon left witiJOut 4. '!'hat t.hcir respective governmeuts shall hi' iu a. Cj llOI'lllll, an <l so continued mo·t of the time- republ ican forms, nnd slrall admit uo pen;ou to Le a of cOttrSl', doing 110 busincs - till Lhc ] st of citizen who holds n hcredii:try title. M 1 , I 6. Th at after tlta yen,• 1 00 o.( th11 Ohri8tian 1 -a : ' arc 1, 178-t, w 1cn the delegates from Vir(ri nia, ther e ~hall l1e 1/~·itltei' I:Jl~tvet•.ttnor iuiJo!un~ary 8 ,. 1 ./ Jn PUI'Sll:lllce or instruction from t,he Le(rislll.· tude 11~ a ny OJ tiLe 8./Ld 't(( te.q otherwise th::tn iu tUI'C Of tltat 'tate, Signed the COllditiOnnl deed puu i:shnrcnt Of Crimes, whereof tl;e )J:1.l'l,V sh:tll lra\'U of cc~si o n to the Confederation of her· cl:tr'rns to been duly convicted to lr:we been personally guilty. - '!'hat whenever any or the said 'tales shall ha,·r of tenitor_v northwest of the Ohio Rivet·. New- free inhabitauts, us many as shall then he in any on~ c>f Yod<, Connectic ut, and Massaehu ·etts had nl- the least nHrnerous of the thi rteen original tat<'s, ~uch ready made similar concessions to the Confcde- 'tate ~;llnll be admit ted, by Us Dcl <:Jr<ttc~, into the Con-gress of the uited St ates, on an equal f•>OLi ng with thr ration of thci I' re~pecti ve claims to teni tory said origiual ._'ttttes ; after which the ILS:·wut of t wo-third'l we,· twan l of tl_1cit· present limits. Coug1·css of the United ,'tate!!, In Congress assembled ~ha l l be he reupon appomted Messrs. J cfi'c rson of Vir- requisite in all those cases whe~ein, hy the Con f~d •t·,ui<'ll, · · Cl the assent of .nine. l:-\tates is rrow rclj ui rcd, provided the guun, ta e;e of Marylnnd, and Howell of Rhode consent of n11re ~tatcs to such adrui~. ion may he ob-l, ·d:wd, tl l'lect Committee to re port a Plan of tnined according to the ele,·cnth of the Articll·s or hovel'llm eut for the 'Vestct·u Tcni to r)'. Tlli . Confederation. Until s;uch tLd rn i~aion by thplt· Delt·ga.tes ~! 1 1 Into Congress, an.v of the 11aid 'tales, after the e.stabP~Ii- utt, < mwn up l1_v Thomas J cfle rson, provided ment of their temporary govemment ~:ohall !rave au lw- Jor t lte govern mcnt of all the \V cstem te rri- l'i ty to keep a siltin~; mcu1her i11 Co~gress, w!Lh IL d"ht tory, in cl uding th:t.t por·tion which h:ul not ''Ct of dcb;Lt.ing, but not of voting. l l> 1 - 1 J '!'hat the territory no r1 hwanl of tire fo:ty- fi fth (]C!-I !'e, lCt·n, IlL w 11e 1, It waR rcasouabl_v e xpcc.:t"d, that is to say, of the cor 11plctlon of fcmy-livc tit,: ~t·H would IJ t•, Slti'I'Cilderc<l to the Collf't•(lCI'a til)ll IH· frolll the equ:dor, and uxteuding to the Lake of tlre t he. ~ La tv~; of Xorth Carolina and Gcorg i:l. ( an ~! \\'oQ<ls, ~;hall l> ~ cal led S!tlrani (t; that of the ten r_, wl 1 r 1 S under Lire fort.r-tlftlr uud fo t.v-fourth dcgn·ss, that 11 11 t.H, l' 1 110 "" IOt'lll:-: tIC tatcs of 'l'cnues:-:ec, lie · westw;nd of Lu ke lll idd~an, shall h\! called .)[ic·l, i~ Al:dra :r1a a11d ~li"'~l...:,.. ippi ), as well as t ltnt which (Jun.ia ; au<J tlrat whlclr L~ eastw~tnl thereof, wrt hin :hr ha d altt'a d,v Ol'Ctl conceded uv the III IJre pellltl~Ul:l for med hy the ltt kl'!l and wat t'I'H of Michig·.n IIOl'lhL't'U ~tate~ • lJ uro u, ~t Clair, and ~~ it•, bhall be called (';,e,1·sont:."'n; 1 UJ>J !>hall iucluJe any part of the pcuiu:;ula wl1idt cmi