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Show A POLITICAL 'J1E:S:'r-DOOK FOR 1860. ut~~rl y ~~.0 1~ 11• AS "'l'he Artic les of Conferl eration." lly I Srrond.-" 'fhnt tho s<'ttl r · ~ 1es,e At t t~l~s It was provided that" Each SLate r etains pun:hn~t·d nnd oll't•n·d for :al":' 10 llu lhr• Tcl'l'llory so to be tls Sol•eretgnt .v, Freedom, and Independence a.ud every pc Ilion Ot' on tho ordt•r of Con() :'~h.all, Pliht•t• 011 lhtJir U\\"1' JlOIVer,_jurisdiction, and right which is not by t his Con-ltlwr.n, wltha!JpOintnwnts oftlnw~:~~t'~l~~;~:r•;,·~·.nuth~r·ltyfr111~ fedemtton expressly d elegateu to the United St·lte:; in I of lull agr• to mr·N to~ctlwr to r· th<• purp~~ or fh•·lr tl·o•o· m·rh'U Congre~s a ~cmblc<l." ' tl'mpnrnr): ~ovt•mnwnt to nliopt a l 'o 1 1 P ~' I'Stahll~hln~: a AL th' t' tl I any Olll' ot tht·~u Stall'S (tho• I • ,· I . I !il ttttnll lllld lnw~ nr n 1 • .:_ trlle te Articles of ~o n federation wero u ,. ,,,·rthl'lt·.~!j shall he 'Rut/l'l~t 1f11lll ~~ 111 .~"1-4), Ho that Krwh ,;,W» 1• O~lt~d . Jt.tly 9, 117 - the United ~talC:! held no la.nd~ l.c~lsl~ttlll'\1; null to 1,r ,·t:t,J Mth·,c~c·~ll• 1111 . 1011 11Y rh,·ir· onltntr o;, tc,rntory Ill common. 1'he entire countq•-includ ng ot· townships fot· the election ~r n ''! lilk,· nl'.'Ta loll, tootr,u.! ~r I le w:t..~.te and unappropri<~ted land~--cml)raced within tn r!'." tcm lt'r~ lot· tlwlr L~gtsla pe~·t:nn.wg to lht: Uonfetleracy, belonged to unci wa~ H aving thns provided a. mo de h ·. . ~:te pt opetly o.f the several State:~ within whose lilllils tants or t>ettlcr::! or the tenitor Y wluch thr first mhah!. re ~amo was stt.uated. anrl choo~c for themselves tl.t, Y may. as~clllb l c lO!)clhcr Ou llll' (it.lt day of ::ieptember, 17~0 C'ongres!! "rccom- I SOlliC one of the original thirte C~~tStttutwu and law~ of ~c~ded t 1 o the SlWCra~ ~ta tes in the U 1; inn I Ill villA' claims t t> Httrn c in force for the g~ ''emn;~:~ • ttl~·~\ and d_rc lare the 111.~ e:m<. u,n_nppropnalc~ ln.nd:l in the Western count r, pomril.r, with the right on tl~ 0 .t H:tr lerntory tcm. ~ ~' :?'.n.I c.c~,.~~n t.o the Untted l::!t nlC:i o f a porUon oft h eir chang. the ~a me, th t·ou It their ~o '.'.ar t, O}. the )Jeople to e.OJ ct,ttv~ cl,ttms for Ute common hendlt of the Union , mar Sl'e proper the l'li~t tit' c.Ll L<'grsl:L!.un:, as they n t re ~Oih day of Octo! . l7 ,, 1 . · ·1 · . ' en procreds to point t 1 y · .•.. , . .. , . >Cr) ':>·~, t w Leg r.,; latnre of mor c tn wlttch they may establi 1 f . 1 • ou t 1e ugtn~,L p.t~~c cl tul act tLuthonzing the Deleg-ates in Con matr cnt Constitution 'lnd g :-It Ott. tctnscll'e:;" a. per- f.\e~~ t ~·~~!~ ~hat ~late to coHvcy to the lJnit.etl State~ shall havo twenty thou'siLnd i~~~~;~;t.tCt~t" '~·hcncver they U v· ~~.~~. Ot.V or tmct of countr.v within the limit~ of Thi tl -" TJ \ I ·I > an :;, 11~ follows: 0~c 11 ~1111.a CI!a1;~et·, ly.ing and bearing to th • northwe:;t tlnuu itt 'rnn·1• t11~ ,,~111 1 .~~~~~·:nt1:11:rn.ry gol' <'t'ntno·nl mliy sh111l Mil· 1 t~~ nvet. ~hto - wh1ch grant was to he macle upon t hon~au. t fn ·o• iuha{i 1•1111~ wl: 1 . :t sh.~ll h,t,.,. IU·•plirl'tl tw•·uty t le condtlton th:tt the territory 80 ceded shall be l·L· l Contp·,.,.,., tht·y ~hIll 'r .,:,:h .. t'· ~ • gii'Jtu.~: iln•·j"''HJf thr•rel)( 10 out ·mel for1 el · t s ' · ' •1< '· t. 10111 • r 1 c 111 o tates ·" and that "the ~t·ttc P••tlllrn.•ttiR of tlrtlo' nnd plu·•· 101. 1'1 11'1111, '' I ll to !' 11 y, w lth OJ!· formed shall ue distinct rep~thlicnn ::<tates and 'tdmitt ~ol St·n:a ~~ t'K ro cslat.ll~h a J!•·r;,~anr·t~L lJ~~~~~~~\~,'·';/ttlon of ltPpr(}. members (If the Fet!erlll U 1 1 . . 1 • ' . Ct tH·ut tor rh,·msdl' l·s.'' · u un and t;OI'Crn-of S '. . ' ll on, l,LVIIlg t le l:Hlll~e l'll!ht~ . Stat~v~: otgnty, 1• reedom, and Inuepentlence as the other J fa vrng thus providecl for the fi rst sctt Iers " t s. rary government" in these "'tddition I , , n empo- . On th.: 1st d~y of !lfarclt, 17~4, Thomas .Terrcr~on nn•l a" permanent ()onst.itution n;Hl "Over!~tnt;tat,~~," tUtti ror rlS collc,tgues In Congress executed the deed of ces ·ion shall lmvc acquired twenty LllOUti'7trd iuhnl>e.r~t th~n they '\ .l~I"'su.anco of the a ct of the Yirginitt Lc~islat~n·c contemplat es that tltey sltali ~~ntiiJil\J tot an~:~ IC l'lnu w He l w,tl:! accepted and ordered to "he r· rd , ~elves ~18 Stutes, hnviug a~ )!'Ovid, . 'P:,<~; ~~~ thcnt· anu cnrollecl among the acts or the United S~~~' ~tl ? f ~e~~lon,"tltc sarno ri '•hts lo f s "~~~ r:: th? \ .ngrma deed Con~·es:; assemi.Jlc<l." 'J'his wns the fit·st terril r es ,',t~ !ndepeuucnce," in resp~ct t tlo··~l('tgnt:\•.freer~o.m, and acqutrecl, he lcl, or owned, by the Uuited 't·ttt'S o bne~lt:t tnterual p olit y, "a~ the othoer ~~ ~~ clo:~Jcsttc. a narrs and same c~:t~ of the. deed of cc~ssion, Mr. J etfer~on . a:; clllti:~ ha.v~ a population equal to the l~·t~~' un~~~ they shall mao o ,L comnuttee whidt had heen n I Joint ;I .· ongloal thirteen State~:~. and . ', nut.uer ous of the ing 1 o[, Mt;. Jell'cr~on of \' 1rginia, ~lr. Ch'a~e o f ~\J\~~;:~::r~- a sitting me rnher in (;~ngres~n ,~.1it~r r~e~_u\t~ne/hali keep ~~~ pl::·; 1 f~~.~~~~ ~r Hhodc Island, suhmitterl to Con~res~ tu~ noL of voting, when they ;hall l>~ :1cfr:Jit~e/i~:~~t~g oerled\lt' to b e3l!~omry gov~rn!n.enL of the t enitory I uto~r on an equal footing with the other ~tales f t" United 1-:t l '~ ce e IJy the mdrvHlual 'tate~ to the ows . , as o. It I t a es. Ft~ w·th . -" That wh!'n<'ver nn f I nrolCrllntJS~~nlrnylJli~O~I)'~l~.~t~l'.l(t.'olll.l'.ltC"thSiiStOJUelfTllCI'bS~nCi,,a., nreflu>lln.Jyn COOfllgoitVJeelr'en<i. of frt• o• inh:tbilantR U~ 10111\J as sr (J) l) H.l Rnltl.Stn(c•!! shnll have ) , .... " .... • ka~t numc• t·ous ot' tlw thlt·• <' · · . 1' 1 , 1 1' 1, 1 he• 111 nn 1· one of th~ v1ous reason~ It was U tl. t 1 ue alltn ittl'd hy its dt•IP.'(al<?l:l 't' ~~ ig:ua~ .staiPS, 8tH·h Stut~ ~haU ~~~~~;:n~~~~~c:or 1 the 'l'~rritories ever 1 ~do;1tcl i~n tft~ titt~~~d•: au ettunl footi .. g wlth\~ct~~~~.l ;;;.~~L\~~ ~'t~\(~1:.,~.o.i:~ I · ' ' · was urawn hy the author of Ute D c aratton of lnclep cnclence a.nd rovi e- ~:~~se wl~o shaped the issu~s which ~~~~d~~~un~II~!>t~~viJJ. ,:h~~~· A·~~~~~.i~~;~~~~~:~t~::~ foundations upo11 which our :~:e~nt~~~~~:~l;~~~· ~itht· f~cf~~~r;~~~;>~~~;~~~~~ it!tcl~';::.~ or to 'bo ce<ie l " .tb'nle< t.o apptr to all " t erritory ceded ~~;h~t~~~~~~~ 1i~~~~r~o ~~ \~{t~~~:~,?,~~~;:~~~~ ~~~i~~ ~~~ri~~~~ti,~~ the right of Con 1: ·~ q g fL govet nme nt. It Ignored the 'l'erritorics w7tl~. s to l.egtslate for the people of the inalienabl~' righto~~ gteu· ccm~ent, and recognized when organized into I ol'tt.e ll)COJ> c of the 'J'erritories, tl I . ' 1 JCa communities to rro temse ves Ill r•~spect to 11 • I . I ' ., v~rn lerna! polit 1 retr oca concems and m-the Confed!r·atio~ ~·:~stlr~d2~~c~. by (I~ ~ongrel!s of stood upon the ,'tatnte B"ok ay o prrl, 17 4, and n ent pl:tn for the . • as a. general and permath en owned ot· sh~~~~t' llllllent of all territory which we · 1 ' Hll 1 ~eq uently acquit·e w'ttl VIS on uccla.rin" it to 1 • "C , 1 a pro-that its provislons shOI)I~()a.·· Sl ha.;ter of Compact," anu ditions bctweeu the tlti r teer an. as fundamental connewly described, unalterabl~ ~i~rnbal tat.es and those or the United • 'tates in C u Y the JOint consent particular • tale within wh'!~~ressl asse~b!ed, and of the to be 111 " ''e , 'I' I tl . sue 1 altct atton is proposed u.u · ms trs J etre • ernment of the '1'enit .· rs?.ntan plan for the gov- _,, these fnnci;Lillclltalo~~es-:-t.hls ,Charter or Compact, to be" unaltera.IJJe" wit~dl~tolns, which wero declared or .. the p•trticular s ou t te consent or the people alteration i's pr·oposedt:~~e[~r~to;,yJ within which such llook when the Conve t' a e, stood on the Statuto in 17 7 and n ton assembled at l?ltiladelphla United'statei.roceeded to form the Constitution of the ao~o;r~,~~ us examine the main provisions or the Jetror- Fir~t.-" Th11.t the lt>rrlt lndlvldnnl Stull·~ to tlw Ut l?ry cccled or to be rcded by the hnvo hi' en pu rc:it:t!<<:d of tl~ec~l ~1ntcf, whenevr·t· the HnmP lib all s.ttlP b~, rhu llnltetl !')tales tt lalobnhabiLa uiR a.ud Offered fut· &ate11," etc., etc. , 6 ta o formed into additiOit.a/ The Plan proc e~ds to d I 'lerritorial extent 0( Ute pro es gdn~~e t~e boundarlet and 'uen p rovid es ; pose addltlonal States," a.ud "Unt il suc·h 111lmJ~slon h II 1 of th t• ~>•LiJ Stfllf • ~flt'r II r IP r rl l'l!'.(rillt•s Info Congl'0881l.ny .Lt,ovt·rnnl\•nt, shttli hnvc 1\t~tll('ll.~ILh l•~huwnr of tlwh·tcmporar:r Congrl'!il!, wi th thu ri"Ll or d ~~~ 1.¥ I() kt•t•p 1\ Ril! lng llll'lliUtr ill o llullltu g, l>ut !JOt ot rot lug." At tach ed to the provl · 1• 1 under the "third" h . /:on w llC ~ 1\Jllleat·s in this paper positions which h e.L sa provtso, containing live pro· people of said ~~~i~in a~reed to a.nd accepted by the into n charter of c m on a, tatcs, were "~o be formed terablc " ex ec t bo ~act, and to r emain forever "uMI· of the United fLatfs_:t~ C:i~s.ent of such States as well as " Provided, That both lh t • ernml·nts IH: rstahli'!h tl 0 ~mpo.r:~ry nnd )l<'t'mancnt gov- !Nt.-" ThalthPy Rl ~~ f11 tiH 80 prlnl'lpli!~ as lhPi r· basi~:" Stntc·s of A mrl'i,·a.'"l!\ orover r emain u part of the United '2d.-" Thi\L In thrlr Rhall be snhjcct to th~c,:sons, pr·OJWrty, nne\ Trr l'ltory they Congress assembled .,:ovt~rnm r nt ol tlw Vnllt•d States In tlto!!t: cast> !I In which ' t~t~d~o1~J0 'l ''HelPs of Confeuerntion In all :xl.-" That tht• shall r g n!' otutes shall ul: Ro Ruhject." dt•bts c·otJtt·aclt·d Y01• to g~ ~bJrct to pn.y a pat·L of thu fodcrnl them by Oongt'P~S accord! cor mclPcl- to )J() ll)I)IOI'lloned on met\!Wre by which ng o the !'!lime common rule nnd Utr: oth"r StnLrs., apportlournents Utert·of shall bo made on 4th.-" That their ro p tl licnu f()rrn and Rht\ll ~s oc ve gO\'<'rnm!'nl Rhall bo In r epnb any hl'rcditary title." dutl~ no person to i.Je a citizen who holds ~~~; .. ;rt~ft~rti~~e, which relates to the prohibition of Congres; nev~r e year 1800, having been rcjec~ed by of Govet?nment f~ect~rn~I'n .~.art .of the Jeffersonian !linn 1784. r o etutones, ns adopted April 28, The conclurling para h . which emphnt.icall 1 grap of t~ts Plan or Government, the people of the ~· ~~.ores the .rrght of ()ongrcss to bind reco~:,rr1izes tho pe ~tllt~ries without tlt e i.· consent, anti legitima'te ow .0 1> e t ercin n1:1 the true sourco of nil these word;: cr Ill r espect to their internal polity, is in ·• That all tlw pr<'cNll i.P,r of rmn >w ·t 'Hb n ~ l\l'licl<'R ~hall h<' fnrmrrt Into 11 rhar· Unl~t·d ~t111.~ 'In ~~nbo duly (~xccutert hy tho Pre~ldt>nt of the seal of tho u;;lttlrl StaF~·es) af~~mblccl, untl<'t' his hunt! 1\nd thl) 1\S fllmlnmr•ntnl cdnultls, 8 YL ll prnmul~at<Hi, atl(J Mhf\11 Hta nd t\tlfl tltosfl n!'wly ti t'S 1~ 11 ~ Jet ween lhn thtrll'l'll •wigln11t Sl.lltP..H R~nt of lltR Unl;crt' ~~ Je. • nnalter:thle but il.l' lhtJ jl)lnt eM· partlcnlar State Wlthl ttesh.li·~·· Congn~!!R IU!R!'rnhlrd, anti or tho be mAdo." 0 w = such a lteration l'i propo~"<i lA DOUGLAS 0~ POPULAR SOVE RE[G~TY. 1~7 This Jc[cr·sonian Plan of Government embodies an<ljinterpreted and cxpountkrl by the C'oloni.:s dul'in"' their carries ('Ut the iclens nnd principles of Lhe f1tlhers o.f.the cottlrovcr~): wi~h {lt:cu.r Btltaln, for t~rcir m0clt•l ~~nd .. inl-{ Revolution-that the p eople of every !!Cparatc tH>lt t.•cai I sn•;h ul otltiJ('atton~ 1n tb; structure anll pl'i11riplt-:-t as the community (•lcpend~nL ~olon i cs, l'rovin~es,.a ntl 'l'en:ilo·j r.:hn n)!e in our condition hncl r~·ndl'red rH•cc·~s. t ry . '!'hey rlcs M well a:~ t~overcrgn •. tate~) hnve an IIHtl renahle nght cut rm"t ctl the Execut tl'e funrlwns to a l'n·~idct •t in th~> to govern t!tcm~elvcs iu r es pect to tlt~i~· intl·~·n.al polity, plarc or a J{jng-; the Lt·gbl:dh e functi on~ to a l'ong-re!'~, and rcpuclmt cs the dogma of the Ht ttt~h :\lmt~t ry anrl l'Cllll)>bl'<l of a He nate and ll ousc of Ht•pn•o.,c•nl at h t'"• iu tlte 'l'u rie~ of that •Jay, that ali Colonil'S1 l'rovinces tutd lieu of the l'arliaml'nt con~istittl-( of the llomH·~ of l.orc\~ and r crrito ries were thc property or the t:lllpir ·, a(•quir ed Commons; antltltc .ltuliri:d fltttcliun!-1 to a .'uprenll' t'ourl with the common IJJ<)o<l lllHI cornmon t reu:lurc, autl that, and Slll'lr inf··rior court~ a::1 'orP·rc:.::l ::.ltuuld ll'l1lll tin.c to tile inhnhit.ant:~ thereof lmve no l'i~ltt~, l•rivilcge~, or tinre ordain anti c·~tabli,;lt. " inuuunitlcti e.\.cept I:IUCh a :> the Imperial Oovemmeut ll al'in)( tlrus <lilided the JIO'' l' r:i of gorl' ttnn• 11t i11l0 ll .\' altoultl graciously co ude::~clltlll to bestow upon them. three approJ,riale clt·par tuw ul:> '' ilh 11 hic·l1 tl•l'Y lwrl 111- Tlti~ l'lau rt:CC'!(lliZl':! hy law anti itTei'OCabl• •' compact" way!:i hccn fa rniliar, thl'Y pt·cn:•·~·cll-d tu !'ollft• l' ;tp otl the ~he exi~tence of two <l i~tinct. c lasHes of .'tatcs undur Oll l' Federal Government buh~lantlally lite :>Hll ll' pon •·r:-. 11 hil'l1 American s,yHtem of gov •rnmcnt- Lhe one h •in)( mem- they as colonic~ l1:t<l hecn 11illitr)( to l'll trc,•de to tl .. • Btiti ... It l>~rs of the Union, and consbtiug of the origi n a l thirteeu Uo ,·ernml'nt; and to n ·sel'I'C to lltt· :-;tate~ awl to t ht· pc·oand such other ~Late:~, having the rtqui:;ite population, p ic the s:un • ri)(hls and pril ilc·f!• s '1\liit:h lin·.\ a:> ndot.il'tl us Con~rcs~ ~ltoulci admit in t) the l•'eclerai Union, 11 ith hacl dcnic<l to the Britbh <: ov,:tnllrent cluri11g !lit• l' lttin• an equal vote in the manage111ent of J<'eciernl atl'airl! n:; struggle which terminated in our l ntl,·[>llltl<·nn·, and well a~ the t• xcluslvc power in regard to their internal which Uwy !tad claimed for lltetn::.dn•H ,llltl tit ·ir po:.tl'l'ily polity r~. lH!cl.iv cly-the other, n ot having ti re requit~ite m1 the birthright of ail frl't'IIH'll, iu:dil'll<ti lc 11 hc11 organ· population for adrni~sio n into the Uniott, coultl ha1·e no iztd into pCilitlcal communitit·l', and lobe cnj"~' d nud l'X· I'Ote or a~-:crH'Y in the control of the Federal rei:ttious, erciHcrl by colonil's, lt'nilorlt·~, autl pnn•inn·~ as fully arul but po ~~:~sell the Slime exclusive power over their completely as by sovereig-n .'t all'!>. 'J'hu:-. it "1.1 '"' bll'll domestic atl'airs and inte rna l policy r e!:lpectively as that there i:; no organiu feature or fundalllelltal prindplo the ori!{inal States, with the right, while they have cuthodie<l in the 'on:<litutiun of li re L uitPd .'Inks" hich lt~s tlmn twenty thousand inh:tbitants, to chool!e for had not been familiar to the people of the Colou ir!-1 ftom their government the Constitution nnd laws of any the period of their earliest scttlenu.: nt, and which had one of the ori11inal :-\tntes; anu when they t>ltoultl have not betn repea.tcdly aHsertcd l1y the111 11 hl'n tleni•·d loy more than twenty th ousan•l, but il'~t~ than the uumber Grea~ Britain during the wl tOlu p criotlof tltcir col()nial hic>- requiretl t o e ntit.lo th em to :tt lm i~sio n into the nion, tory. they were auLhorizerl to form forth •m!'lcive:; "a p enna· Let us pause at this p oint for a urOII ll'nt, anti inqllire ucntCon~titution tmd KOVernnrent;" and in eith er case wlr ·theritl.iejust tot ho~cillustl'i o ll!:llmtrlol!'alldt<ag\'S\\l ro they were entitled t.o keep a delegate in Congress with formed tho (;om;t.itution of the l ' nitcd 'ta l•·;~, to aM~ume the right of clehating, hut not of vo ti ng. This "Charter that they inten dccl to confer upon Con).(ret>s that unl illlitcd of Cvurpact," with il:1 "funclnme n tn.l condition!-!," which and arbitrary pOWl'l' over the p eople c•f tltl' Aull'rican 'l'l'r· were declarccl to lie "unaltemble" without "the j oiut ritorics, which tlll'y had n·~islcd with lhl ir blood "hen consent" of the people intcrc:lled in them, as well ~~~o f claimed hy the Hritbh i':trliatul'nt over J!ritbh colonici! Ia the United ."tl\ll~~. thu~ t~loocl on the statute hook un re· Arne rira? Did tl•~·.v confl' r upon Cungrc~s the ri~o:ht t< pealed and unrl'pcalahle-furn ishing a complete system hincl the Jll'Ople of lh<' AIIH'rkan 'l\ ·r1itori, s i11 all l'H ~•:s or government for all" the te rritory ceded or to he celled" whatso,·,·e r, after ha vin)( fou((ht the hat tk:, of lltl' I:t•V<llu · to the United ~tate:~, without auy other legiRialiou upon tion against 1t " l 'n.:an•hll'" tledarin)( tl1e right of l'arthesubject, when, 0 11 the lith tlay of May, 17 7, lite Fccle· liament "to ))in rl the Colonic in all ca~e:; wlratsoen;d" ral Conveutinn R!;Henrhled in Philadelphia a ncl prucee<lcd If, as they contended hcfore the Hl'voltttion, it 11 as the to form the Constitution unrler which we now livt:. 'l'hu~ IJ! rt.hright of all I•:nglh;hmen, in:tlil•nalil • wl1t·n funuccl into 1 It will he 8Cen that t.he d ividing line h etween Feuernl and politieal communilie~, to exercise e.\.clu::.ive po11 l'l' of ll•glsLocal a uthority, in n •spcct to t he rights o r tho~e political lation in their local lcf.{iHiatur ·s in n:sp••cl to a ll thiu~~ eonununit.ics which, for t.lte sake of convenience and In all'eeting theit· internal pc>lity-~lavcry noL e x ct•ptc(\-lltd •ontratlbtinction to tlte State~ represent ell in Congress, not tbo same right, after the lte,•olution, and by virtue of we now call 'J'erl'itories, but which were then known as it hecome the birthright of all Anll'r:Caus, in like manner '' 'tulc11," or" uew Stutes" was so distinctly marked at lt{alienable when organi:r.ed i11 to p olitical COtttnHuritil'd-llO lhat day that no int ellige~t man could fail to perceive it. matter by wba t name, whether Coloui ·:-;, 'J'crriloriei:i, Pro- It is true tlmt the government of the Confedcmtlon had vinces, or new States? prove<! totally inadequate to the fulfillm ent of Lite ends Names often deceive person!! in J'CSpect to the nature lor wltich it wa~ <levbed · not IJet.:ause of the r elations be· n.nd sui.J:~tance of thin~rs. A ~:>Ingle in~lance of this I,ind lwecn the Territories or ~ew States and the United States is to be found in that clause of the Constitution which but In consequence o' f having no p'o wer to enforce its d t:'· says: crees on the ~'cderai questions which were clearly within "CongrPR!I shall hnvo powl'r to rli~po~!' of, ::u11l mnk!' nil the scope of its CXJH'eBHiy delegated powers. 'l'he radical necdfulrnh•s and rPgnlntlunM n•Mpt•c:tinl{ rht' tcrruory or orher defect in the A rli clt•s of Confederation were founu to con· property i.JI'looglng to the nltt>J Statt·~." sist In the fact that it was a mere league lietwccn sovo- This bl'iu~ tho only clause of the Con!'litnlinn in which reign Rt:ttcs, anti not a ~'edeml Oovemment wilh its ap- the won!,, 'L'errit!'lry" appear~, lira~ f;u:t alnlH' has donht· pr~pl'iate dl'Jiart.me nls-Execulivr, Legi~lati\•c , and Ju- less ted 111 a 11y persons tn suppo~e that the right of Con~ lctu.l-l·ac:h cloth ed with a.uthorlty to perform ttnd cnuy grt!:iS to establish lempllmry f.IOVcrnrn,· r.ttR fnr th' T ·tTi· Into. effo.:t't tl!i own p eculiar functions. '!'he Confcucration t,orie!l, in the Hense In whidt the wonlts tww u~e•l, mu~ ~avm~; no power to enfo rce compliance with the re~olvcs, be derived from it, ovcl'looking the in1po r tant nn<l C 01 ll- . the cottSl'qu<:nce was, that though in theory its r l'solu- trolling factH that at the tinre tl •c Constitution 'll'aH fonncd ttons or Congress were equivalen t to laws, y ·tin practice the word •· Territ or y'' h:tcltH:vcr heen used or untladtootl they were found to be mere recommendat ions, which the to ucslgnale n polttrcal cummntaily or govc.rnm•·nt of nn.y Statcs<.l,,like oth ·t· sovcreignties 1 observed or rlisregarrled, kind in any law, colllp<tct, dced of ccsston , or publrc accor mg to their own good-will anti gracious pleat~ure." dueument · ))ut had inrnriahly b •en used l'ither in its Con~ress coulcl not Impose duties, collect tax ell, raise geograph ~~~tl sense to rle~nihe th.e supt•t;fici~d. area of a armies, or do nny other n. t essential to the existence of 'tate or rli:~trlct of coutrtry, ns m the\ lrf{llll!t deed of ~overnment, without the voluntary consent and coi.lpera- ces!don of the" 'J'crritory or tJ·actojcountt·y" northwest LIOn of each of l.he 'tlltes. Congress could r esot.e, but of the ri\·cr Ohio· or a!-4 tne:tning land in Its churacter could not carry its resolutions into e ffect-could recom- al'l property, in wl:ich latter seu~e it appears !n. lht: clau~:~e 1~\Cntl to the Stnlt'il to provitle n. rcveuue for the n ecessi- of tlte Onni!t lt utiou r eferred 10, when provultng fo r the lh!!! nf tho J>'cdcral Govemment, but coult.l not uHe th~ tli~po, ltio n nf the" 'l't·J't'itory or otlat'r proper.ty belougmeans nPc·ess;try to t.he collection of tho re vcuue when the itrg to the United "'tate~. " Ti<•·:-e !nets, tuken 111 conn~cStat~ s faikd to comply-could recommend to the State:~ to tiun with the k indrecl 11lle ttnlt rturl11g the whole pcrtOd provtd • au a rmy for tho genenLI d •fcnsc, ancl apportion of the Confc<lrratiiln und the fnrmation of the Constituamong the SL;ttes their r eHpective quot;LS, hut coulcl not en· ti,11 the t.c-mpnrary governmcr.t~ wldclt ~~e Jl(IW eall list the men and order them into the l<'ellcml serl'ico. J>'or •• 'J'e rrltu rie~," wct'u inv11 riahly referred to Ill the <lecd:1 these reasons a }'c •leral OOI'et·nment, with its appropl'iate of cession , t 11 w~, conrpact~, plan!! of ){OVl'l'llllll!llt ,, re oludeparltOcnts, lteting directly upon the intlivldu:~l citizen~, tionH of Congrc:,~~, pttblic rccol'll~, nnd nuthentac d!'lcuwi~ h authority to enforce its decre~s to Lhc extent of it~:~ ments as ·• tate•,'' or· " new tate~," conclusively show dcl~gM.ed powe rs, anrlnot de p endent upon the voluntary that the word~ ''Territory :Lntl otht'r p1·opcrty" in tho Aetton of t.he several l:)tatc!i in thc it· corpomtc cnpacity, Constitution were u~cd t•l clesi~nute th' Ull ll)>propriatetl b~came in<li~pcnsahle a:~ a. substitute for the government 111mts and other propt•rty which the Unitt'il tnte:-1 owned , of the Confe<lemtion. and not the pcople who rnight IJceome re~ident.~ on th odt~ In til,• formtttiou of the Con~litution of the Uniled Rtalt'S I hwcl~, and be orgn niZI'ti into political communities after t!T-r ~·\'lh: l':ll Convention took the Uritish Constitution, us tltt: UniLeu ~tatcs hall paJ.·ted with their title. |