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Show 120 cerus ticlwrltinus), with the bones of which it was found associated; and that the Neanderthal skull is of great, though uncertain, antiquity. Whatever be the geological age of the latter skull, I conceive it is quite safe (on the ordinary principles of paleontological reasoning) to assume that the former takes us to, at least, the further side of the vague biological limit, which separates the present geological epoch from that which immediately preceded it. And there can be no doubt that the physical geography of Europe has changed wonderfully, since the bones of Men and Mammoths, Hyrenas and Rhinoceroses were washed pell-mell into the cave of Engis. FIG. 23.-The skull from the cave of Engis-viewed from the right side. One half the size of nature. a glabella, b occipital protuberance, (a to b glabello-occipital line), c auditory foramen. The skull from the cave of Engis was originally discovered by Professor Schmcrling, and was described by him, a 121 together with other human remains disinterred at the same time, in his valuable work, " Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles decouverts dans les cavernes de la Province de Liege," published in 1833, (p. 59, et seq.) from which the following paragraphs are extracted, the precise expressions of the author being, as far as possible, preserved. " In the first place, I must remark that these human remains, which are in my possession, are characterized, like the thousands of bones which I have lately been disinterring, by the extent of the decomposition which they have undergone, which is precisely the same as that of the extinct species : all, with a few exceptions, are broken; some few are rounded, as is frequently found to be the case in fossil remains of other species. The fractures are vertical or oblique; none of them are eroded; their colour does not differ from that of other fossil bones, and varies from whitish yellow to blackish. All are lighter than recent bones, with the exception of those which have a calcareous incrustation, and the cavities of which .are filled with such matter. The cranium which I have caused to be figured, Plate I, figs. 1, 2, is that of an old person. The sutures are beginning to be effaced: all the facial bones are wanting, and of the temporal bones only a fragment of that of the right side is preserved. ,.fhe face and the base of the cranium had been detached before the skull was deposited in the cave, for . we were unable to find those parts, though the whole cavern was regularly searched. The cranium was met with at a depth of a metre and a half [five feet nearly J hidden under an osseous breccia, composed of the remains of small animals, and containing one rhinoceros tusk, with several teeth of horses and of ruminants. This breccia, which has been spoken of above, (p. 31) was a metre [3! feet about] .wide, arid rose to the height of a metre and a half above the floor of the cavern, to the walls of which it adhered strongly. The earth which contained this human skull exhibited no |