Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature

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100 painted window- so that I do not feel bound to enter upon any discussion of these points, but content myself with assur­ing the reader that the posterior cornu and the hippocampus minor, have now been seen-usually, at least as well developed as in man, and often better-not only in the Chimpanzee, the Orang, and the Gibbon, but in all the genera of the old world baboons and monkeys, and in most of the new world forms, including the Marmosets.* In fact, all the abundant and trustworthy evidence (con­sisting of the results of careful investigations directed to the determination of these very questions, by skilled anatomists) which we now possess, leads to the conviction that, so far from the posterior lobe, the posterior cornu, and the hippo­campus minor, being structures peculiar to and characteristic of man, as they have been over and over again asserted to be, even after the publication of the clearest demonstration of the reverse, it is precisely these structures which are the most marked cerebral characters common to man with the apes. They are among the most distinctly Simian pecu­liarities which the human organism exhibits. As to the convolutions, the brains of the apes exhibit every stage of progress, from the almost smooth brain of the Marmoset, to the Orang and the Chimpanzee, which fall but little below Man. And it is most remarkable that, as soon as all the principal sulci appear, the pattern according to which they are arranged is identical with that of the corresponding sulci of man. The surface of the brain of a monkey exhibits a sort of skeleton map of man's, and in the man-like apes the details become more and more filled in, until it is only in minor characters, such as the greater excavation of the ante­rior lobes, the constant presence of fissures usually absent in man, and the different disposition and proportions of some convolutions, that the Chimpanzee's or the Orang's brain can be structurally distinguished from Man's. • See the note at the end of this essay for a succinct history of the controversy to which allusion is here made. c l!ltimpan~ee. a FIG. 22.-Drawings of the cerebral hemispheres of a Man n.nd of a Chim­panzee of the same length, in order to show the relative proportions of the parts : the former taken from a specimen, which Mr. Flower, Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, was good enough to dissect for me ; the latter, from the photograph of a similarly dissected Chimpanzee's brain, given in Mr. Marshall's paper above referred to. a, posterior lobe; b, lateral ventricle.; c, posterior cornu; x, the hippocampus minor.