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Show 146 which the upper jaw (which is of course followed by the lower) is thrown backwards and downwards under the forepart of the brain cas~, or forwards and upwards in front of and beyond it. They differ further in the relations of the transverse diameter of the face, taken through the cheek bones, to the transverse diameter of the skull; in the more rounded or more gable-like form of the roof of the skull, and in the degree to which the hinder part of the skull is flattened or projects beyond the ridge, into and below which, the muscles of the neck are inserted. In some skulls the brain case may be said to be ' round,' the extreme length not exceeding the extreme breadth by a greater proportion than 100 to 80, while the difference may be much less.* Men possessing such skulls were termed by Retzius ' brachycephalic,' and the skull of a Cal muck, of which a front and side view (reduced outline copies of which are given in figure 27) are depicted by Von Baer in his excellent "Crania selecta," affords a very admirable example of that kind of skull. Other skulls, such as that of a Negro copied in fig. 28 from Mr. Busk's' Crania typica,' have a very different, greatly elongated form, and may be termed ' oblong.' In this skull the extreme length is to the extreme breadth as 100 to not more than 67, and the transverse diameter of the human skull may fall below even this proportion. People having such skulls were called bv Retzius 'dolichocephalic.' The most ~ursory glance at the side views of these two skulls will suffice to prove that they differ, in another respect, to a very striking extent. The profile of the face of the Calmuck is almost vertical, the facial bones being thrown downwards and under the fore part of the skull. 'rhe profile of the face of the Negro, on the other hand, is singularly inclined, the front part of the jaws projecting far forward beyond the level of the fore part of the sk1_1ll. In the former case the skull is said to be 'orthognathous' or straight-jawed; in the latter, * In no normal human skull does the breadth of the brnin·case exceed its length. 1-17 it is called 'prognathous,' a term which has been rendered J with more force than elegance, by the Saxon equivalent,- ' snouty.' Various methods have been devised in order to express with some accuracy the degree of prognathism or orthognathism of any given skull; most of these methods being essentially . FIG. 28.-0blong and prognathous skull of a Negro· side and front views. One-third of the natural size. ' L 2 |