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Show 346 PHYSIOGNOMY OF PLANTS. The Aroidere first led attention to the remarkable phenomenon of the fever-heat, which in certain plants is sensible by the thermometer during the development of their inflorescence, and which is connected with a great and temporary increase of the absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere. Lamarck remarked, in 1789, this increase of temperature at the time of flowering in Arum italicum. According to Hubert and Bory de St. Vincent, the vital heat of Arum cordifolium in the Isle of France was found to rise to 35° and 39° Reaumur (110° .6 and 119°.6 Fahr. ), while the temperature of the surrounding air was only 15°.2 R. (66°.2 F.). Even in Europe, Becquerel and Breschet found as much as 17 ! 0 Reaumur difference (39°.4 Fahr.). Dutrochet remarked a paroxysm, an alternate decrease and increase of vital heat, which appeared to reach a double maximum in the day. Theodore de Saussure observed analogous augmentations of temperature, though to a less amount, only from 0°.5 to 0°.8 of Reaumur's scale (1 °.15 to P.8 Fahr.), in plants belonging to other families; for example, in Bignonia radicans and Cucurbita pepo. In the latter plant, the use of a very sensitive thermoscope shows that the increase of temperature is greater in the male than in the female plant. Dutrochet, who previous to his early death made such meritorious researches in physics and in vegetable physiology, found, by means of thermo-magnetic multiplicators (Comptes rendus de l'Institut, t. viii. 1839, p. 454, t. ix. pp. 614 and 781), an increase of vital heat from 0°.1 to 0°.3 Reaumur (0°.25 to 0°.67 Fahr.) in several young plants (Euphorbia !athyris, Lilium candidum, Papaver somniferum), and even among funguses in several species of Agaricus and Lycoperdon. This vital heat disappeared at night, but was not prevented by placing the plants in the dark during the day-time. A yet more striking physiognomic contrast than that of Casuarinere, Needle trees, and the almost leafless Peruvian Colletias, with Aroidere, is presented by the comparison of those types of the greatest contraction of the leafy organs with the Nymphreacere and N elumbonere. We find in these, as in the Aroidere, leaves, in which the cellular tissue forming their surface is extended to an extreme degree, supported on long, fleshy, succulent leaf-stalks; as in Nymphrea alba; N. lutea; N. thermalis (once called N. lotus, from the |