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Show 94 The White River Ute People Their travels put them in contact with the Uinta-ats. Members of both groups traded, hunted, and gathered together. This traveling back and forth from northeast Utah and northwest Colorado was a traditional pattern which continued despite attempts to settle the two groups on their separate reservations. There were differences between the two groups. Unlike the Uinta-ats, the Yamparika ate very little fish. Deer meat was their major food, and they also made good use of seeds, nuts, roots, and berries.4 Yamparika also had more clearly defined leaders. Leaders led in hunts and in raids, and male relatives inherited the position. The Yamparika were more similar to Plains Indians than were the Uinta-ats. They wore buckskin clothing, and the children wore clothing made from fawn skins. Tipis were their shelter, and buffalo skins were hung on them and stripes and designs painted on the outside. Containers for seed gathering were made from dried buffalo hide. Pottery was made as well as acquired in trade.5 However, the final distinction between the Yamparika and Uinta-ats was the result of the United States policy which forced the People to remain on reservations. Parianuche The Parianuche were a group of Ute People who came to be called the Grand River Utes. Their homeland was the region of the upper Colorado River, in the 1800s called the Grand River. They were one of the Ute groups who ranged in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. There was so much intermarriage, inter-band trade, and hunting among these groups, that it is not possible to draw any clear dividing lines between their territories. The Parianuche remained fairly isolated from contact with the invading Europeans and Americans. As federal officials became aware in the 1850s of their existence, efforts were made to involve them in councils and treaty negotiations. Federal officials were particularly determined to prevent these People from attacking travelers and supply wagon trains on the Overland Mail Route. One of the major leaders of the Parianuche was Piah or Black Tail Deer. In fact, in the 1870s, the group was sometimes referred to as Piah's Band. Piah participated in the negotiations of 1866, |