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Show The Intruders, 1550-1882 35 Utah, Nevada, Colorado, and northern Arizona. His writings are a major source of information as to the ways they lived during the last few years left them as independent, self-sufficient People. The photographs of John Hillers, who accompanied Powell 1871-75, are an important visual record of the People. Another photographer, William H.Jackson, accompanied F. V. Hayden on his surveys of the Rocky Mountains in the 1870s. Jackson's photographs and Hayden's maps did much to publicize the West, including the lands of the Ute People. The trappers, traders, explorers, and surveyors did not remain in Ute country. However, they found the routes, established the posts, and published the reports which aided and convinced the miners, farmers, and ranchers to come west. These were the people who stayed. These were the people who wanted the land of the Utes for themselves. United States Control Drawn by reports of the Santa Fe traders, a few American agriculturalists and industrialists had settled in the Sacramento Valley in California, 1842-46. In 1846-48 the United States took California and adjacent regions from Mexico. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican War, the lands of the Ute People became part of the United States (the Mexican Cession). With the Mexican Cession came government control. New relationships between the Ute People and the intruders developed as the control was imposed. Without the consent of the People, Ute lands were divided into territories of the United States: Utah and New Mexico 1850, Kansas and Nebraska 1854, Colorado 1861. Eventually these territories were divided into states: Colorado 1876, Wyoming, 1890, Utah 1896, New Mexico and Arizona 1912. The policy of the United States was to supervise and "civilize" the Indians. The government established agencies in order to carry out this policy at the local level, to control Indian trade, and to restrain Indian hostilities. The agents conducted councils, negotiated treaties, and administered the funds for encouraging the Indians to farm and ranch. The agents were also supposed to protect the rights of the Indians. |