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Show CJLAl'. I. DOGS. 34 1 mbcr of breeds, and, as s has probably increased the tota nu d"fieu some of them. race 'h ll presently sec, bas greatly roo ~ ·n of such extreme we s a . b rossing the ongJ b lld But we cannot explam y c . d bloodhounds, u ogs, .e • as thoroughbred greyhoun s, less we believe that .LOtms . pno·s &c., un l d"f Blenheim spaniels, terners, l ' characterised in t lese 1 - £ . s equally or more strong y But hardly any one has orm ' . ·t din nature. f · fercnt respects once exls e . that such unnatural orm~ ever been bold enough to sup~osc ·nrllen compared with all · ld state vv a· t" t did or could exist.m a Wl . of Canida; they betray a IS me 1- n members of the family . ·ccord of such dogs as . .. now . . N instance 1s on r b and abnormal ongm. o h ds having been kept y . 1 true grey oun .1. t" bloodhounds, spame s, f l o--continued civl IZa wn. the product o ono savages: they are . . s of the clog is great : Youatt, for Tl number of breeds and sub-bree~. ds I will not attempt to enu. ·ta~cc describes twelve l~in?s of_ g:oy lOU:Un~t discriminate how n:uch of ~~~rate ~r describe tho van _tw_s, for ~v~o~ much to descent from_ chfferent their diffcrcnco is duo to :n,natlonb, 11n worth while briefly to montw~ :omo 11borio-inal s t oc1 c s. But . Jt mha y o d ·ttcd 53 that lll10rm 1 ill Cuvicr has a ml d' • oint~ Commencing wJth t c s n ' llcs d'l1ucuncs cspccos Sl1uvagos un rho differences arc "plus fortes qt~? c~ of tho different bonos; the curvatur~ memo genre nl1turel." Th_o prop~r t~: condyles with respect to tl:c pl11n~-~ of tho lower jaw, ~he posgw~ ~founded his clas. ification), a:nd ml mas; ~ tho tooth (on which F. uviOI . h e of tho zygomatJC arc 1, n.n o tho shaJ o of its posterior bi:a~ch 'f!~~ o~c::ut-1111 vary considom?Jy."4 Tl~: tho tompoml fos:ro; ~he p~sitwn o olar tooth in tho upper jl1w, 11~~ seven r_. dog h11s properly SIX p11ll'S of ~ vo soon not mr ly an 11dchtJonal ,pa~ tho lower; but sovorn.l natur~hstsrh~orvais says that thoro 111'0 do?s . q~ in tho upper jaw; 55 and Prof~sso. . ot huit infcricUl'cs." De Blm~villch ont sept pairos de dents supcnouros . ucnc of these deviations m t e has given full particulars on ~~o frerilat lis not always tho sl1mc_toot~ numl>or of the teeth, and h11s s otwn zlod races according to H. Muller, whieh iR supornumor· ary . I.n shlo r -wmhuizls t in lon·g '- muzzle c1 mccs they are tho mo'.ar teeth stand o?llquo y, b tween them. Tho naked, soplaced longitudinn.Uy, Wl~h open spacot e~oly deficient in its toeth,ss_ called Egyptil1n or 'fnrlush dog lS .:_x r - - . C · 1 ' p 137) bas N t (' Ostcograpbw, nm<. 00• · • 53 QtJotccl by I. Geoffroy,' !list. a· t. molnr on both s1dcs. also seen an ex m. . ' 137. Gcn 'tom. iii. p. 453. ' 56 'Ostcogmplno, Cani~ro, P: chrift' 54 ·F. Cuvier,·in 'Annrtles <.lu 1\~uscum,, 57 Wurzburger, 'Medecm, ZCltS ' tom xviii.p. 337; Godron, 'De 1 E~pcc:, 265 t .. p 342. and Col. Ham. Smith, m 1SGO, n. i. s. . ·. ' z loo- Soc.,' om.l. . ' . ' . 101 5B Mr Ynrrell m Proe. "oo o· d 'Nnturnli.st"s Library, vol. J.x. _P· ' ·. . 0 t 8th. 1Si:l3. Mr. Waterhouse shol~\ 55 Jsid. Geoffroy Saint IIIlai_re, Illst. m~ ~ sk~ll of one of these dogs, ;v~~~c cles Anomnlies,' 1 832, tom. 1. P: , GGO: hncl only a single ~ol?r on eac 1 . Gervais, 'Hist. Nat. cles Mamm~fcr~s, and some imperfect mcisors. tom. ii., 1855, p. (iG. De Blamvlllc 'CHAP. I. DIFFERENCES OF BREEDS. 35 sometimes having none except one molar on c11ch side; but this, though characteristic of the breed, must be considered 11s a monstrosity. M. Girarc1,50 who seems to have attended closely to tho subject, says that the period of tho 11ppoaranco of the permanent teeth differs in different dogs, being earlier in largo dogs; thus tho m11stiff assumes its adult tooth in four or ftvo months, whilRt in tho sp11n.iol tho period is sometimes more than seven or eight months. With respect to minor differences little need be said. Isidore Geoffroy ha.· shown 60 th11t in size some clogs 11ro six times as long (the tail being excluded) 11s others; and tbat tho height relatively to tho length of tho body v11rios from between one to two, and one to nearly four. In tho Scotch door-holmd thoro is a striking and remarkable difference in tho size of the malo 11nd fcm11lc. 61 Every one knows how the cars vary in size ill different breeds, and with their great development their muscles become atrophied. Ccrt11in broods of dogs arc described as having a deep furrow between tho nostrils and lips. The caudal vcrtcbrro, according to F. Cuvier, on whoso authority tho two last statements rest, vary in number; and tho t11il in shepherd dogs is almost absent. Tho mammro vary from seven to ton in number; D11ubonton, having cx11minod twenty-one dogs, found eight with five mammro on each side; eight with fom on each side; 11nd the others with an unequal number on tho two sidos.62 Dogs have properly five toes in front and four behind, but a fifth toe is often added; and F. Cuvior states that, when a fifth too is present, a fourth cuneifarm bono is developed; 11nd, in this case, sometimes the gro11t cuneiform bone is misocl, and gives on its inner side 11 largo articular surface to the astragalus; so that oven the relative connection of the bonos, the most constn.nt of all characters, varies. These modifications, however, in tho feet of dogs are not important, because they ought to be ranked, as Do Blainville bas shown,63 as monstrosities. Nevertheless they arc interesting from being correlated with the size of the body, for they occur much more frequently with mastiffs and other largo broods th11n with small dogs. Closely allied varieties, however, sometimes differ in this rc ·poet; thus Mr. Hodgson states that the black:and-tan Lassa variety of the 1'hibct m11stiff has the fifth digit, whilst the Mustang sub-variety is not thus characterised. The extent to which the skin is developed between the toes varies much; but wo shall return to this point. The degree to which tho v11rious breeds differ in the perfection of their senses, dispositions, and inherited habits is notorious to every one. Tho breeds present some constitutional differences : the pulse, says Youatt,64 "varies materially according to tho breed, as well 69 Quoted in' Tho Veterinary,' London, vol. viii. p. 415. 60 'llist. Nat. General,' tom. iii. p. 448. 61 W. Scrape, 'Art of Deer-Stalking,' }). 1!54. 62 Quoted by Col. Hnm. Smith in • Naturulist's Library,' vol. x. p. 79. 63 Do Bluinvillo, ' Osteogrnpbie, Canidro,' p. 134. F. Cuvier, 'Annales du Museum,' tom. xviii. p. 342. In regard to mastiffs, see Col. Ham. Smith, 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 218. For the Thibet mastiff, see Mr. Hodgson in 'Journal of As. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. i., 1832, p. 342. G4 'Tho Dog,' 1845, p. 186. With respect to diseases, Youatt asserts (p. D 2 |